NURSING QUESTIONS

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Epistaxis & Sty

  1. a) Differentiate between anterior and posterior epistaxis.
    b) Explain why hypertension can contribute to epistaxis.
    c) What first-aid measures should a patient take when experiencing epistaxis?

  2. a) How does recurrent epistaxis indicate an underlying systemic condition?
    b) Outline three surgical interventions for uncontrolled epistaxis.

  3. a) Differentiate between a chalazion and a sty.
    b) Explain how poor eyelid hygiene contributes to the development of a sty.
    c) Describe the nursing care for a patient with a sty.

Tracheostomy & Nasal Polyps

  1. a) Outline the indications of emergency vs. elective tracheostomy.
    b) Describe the types of tracheostomy tubes and their specific uses.

  2. a) What are the signs of tracheostomy tube blockage?
    b) How should a nurse manage an obstructed tracheostomy tube?

  3. a) Describe the role of humidification in tracheostomy care.
    b) Explain the importance of suctioning and the precautions to take.

  4. a) What are the systemic effects of untreated nasal polyps?
    b) Differentiate between allergic and inflammatory nasal polyps.

  5. a) Why is corticosteroid therapy used before nasal polypectomy?
    b) Describe two alternative treatments for nasal polyps besides surgery.

Tonsillitis, Adenitis & Burns

  1. a) Outline the criteria for recommending a tonsillectomy.
    b) Describe the post-operative complications of a tonsillectomy.

  2. a) Explain how adenitis can progress to airway obstruction.
    b) What are the potential risks of delaying an adenoidectomy?

  3. a) Discuss the initial assessment and classification of burns.
    b) Explain how inhalation burns affect airway management.

  4. a) Define the Rule of Nines in burn assessment.
    b) Calculate the total body surface area burned in a patient with burns covering the anterior chest and both arms.

  5. a) Why is fluid resuscitation crucial in the first 24 hours of burn management?
    b) Explain the Parkland formula and its application in burn management.

Electrolyte Imbalance & Gangrene

  1. a) How does dehydration contribute to electrolyte imbalance?
    b) Differentiate between hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

  2. a) Describe the role of sodium in maintaining fluid balance.
    b) How does chronic kidney disease affect electrolyte levels?

  3. a) Differentiate between dry, wet, and gas gangrene.
    b) Explain how diabetes contributes to the development of gangrene.

  4. a) Describe the pathophysiology of gas gangrene.
    b) Why is hyperbaric oxygen therapy used in managing gas gangrene?

Shock & Wound Management

  1. a) Differentiate between cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock.
    b) Describe the compensatory mechanisms of the body during shock.

  2. a) What laboratory investigations are required for a patient in shock?
    b) Outline the role of fluid therapy in shock management.

  3. a) Explain the stages of wound healing.
    b) Describe the factors that lead to chronic wound formation.

  4. a) Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary wound healing.
    b) Describe the role of wound irrigation in infection prevention.

Fractures, Inflammation & Tetanus

  1. a) Explain why open fractures have a higher risk of complications than closed fractures.
    b) What is the role of immobilization in fracture healing?

  2. a) Describe the phases of inflammation.
    b) Explain how inflammation differs from infection.

  3. a) What are the risk factors for developing tetanus?
    b) Describe the mechanism of action of tetanus toxin in the nervous system.

  4. a) Outline the steps in wound care for a patient with a suspected tetanus infection.
    b) What immunizations should be given to prevent tetanus?

Immunity, Hemorrhage & Blood Transfusion

  1. a) Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
    b) Explain how malnutrition affects immune function.

  2. a) What are the physiological responses to acute hemorrhage?
    b) Differentiate between arterial, venous, and capillary hemorrhage.

  3. a) Describe how the clotting cascade contributes to hemostasis.
    b) Why is vitamin K important in coagulation?

  4. a) Outline the steps in managing a patient with severe bleeding.
    b) How does massive transfusion protocol prevent hemorrhagic shock?

  5. a) Why is crossmatching necessary before blood transfusion?
    b) Explain how febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions occur.

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Suicide & Suicidal Ideation

  1. Define the following terms:
    a) Suicide
    b) Suicidal ideation
    c) Attempted suicide
    d) Par suicide
    e) Paradoxical suicide

  2. a) Outline the common psychiatric conditions associated with suicidal ideation.
    b) Explain the common factors contributing to suicide in the community.
    c) Mention the impact of suicide on the family and the community.
    d) Describe the management of a patient who intends to commit suicide.
    e) Explain the assessment you would carry out on a patient with suicidal ideation.

PTSD & Delirium Tremens

  1. a) Define PTSD.
    b) Outline four signs and symptoms of a patient with PTSD.
    c) How would you manage an 11-year-old girl who presents with PTSD after rape?

  2. a) Define the term delirium tremens.
    b) Identify the causes of delirium tremens.
    c) How can you manage a patient with delirium tremens?
    d) Formulate five potential nursing diagnoses for a patient with delirium tremens.

Aggression & Psychiatric Emergencies

  1. Madam EKEB, a 26-year-old, is very aggressive on the ward and scares away fellow patients.
    a) Differentiate between aggression and violence.
    b) What management would you give to Madam EKEB, who presents with severe aggression on the ward?

  2. a) What is a psychiatric emergency?
    b) List 10 common psychiatric emergencies.
    c) Which admission procedure would you follow when admitting a patient presenting with any of the psychiatric emergencies?

Legal & Ethical Aspects of Psychiatry

  1. a) Explain standards of care in psychiatry.
    b) Who is a class B criminal lunatic?
    c) Mention all the orders used to admit a mentally ill patient.
    d) Write down and explain all the sections used in discharging a mentally ill patient.
    e) Outline the rights of a mentally ill patient.

Status Epilepticus & Mental Retardation

  1. A 30-year-old patient has presented in a psychiatric ward with status epilepticus.
    a) Define status epilepticus.
    b) Manage the patient who presents with status epilepticus on a ward.
    c) Formulate four potential and two actual nursing diagnoses for a patient with status epilepticus.

  2. a) Define mental retardation.
    b) Classify mental retardation.
    c) Explain eight causes of mental retardation.
    d) What advice do you give to a family with a mentally retarded child?

ADHD & Autism

  1. ADHD is one of the common psychiatric conditions in children.
    a) Outline six signs and symptoms of ADHD.
    b) Manage an 11-year-old boy with ADHD.
    c) What specific advice do you give to a family with a child having ADHD?

  2. a) Define autism.
    b) Explain the common features of autism.
    c) Describe the management of autism.

Depression & Psychiatric Nursing Diagnoses

    1. Depression is one of the common psychiatric conditions.
      a) Define depression.
      b) Outline the specific management of a patient with severe depression on a psychiatric ward.
      c) Make four priority nursing diagnoses for a patient with severe depression.

Psychotic Disorders & Schizophrenia

  1. a) Define psychosis.
    b) Differentiate between hallucinations and delusions.
    c) List five common symptoms of schizophrenia.
    d) Describe the management of a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia.
    e) Outline four priority nursing diagnoses for a patient with schizophrenia.

Bipolar Disorder & Mood Disorders

  1. a) Define bipolar disorder.
    b) Differentiate between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.
    c) Mention six signs and symptoms of mania.
    d) Explain the management of a patient with acute mania.
    e) What psychoeducation would you give to a patient with bipolar disorder?

Anxiety Disorders & Panic Attacks

  1. a) Define anxiety disorder.
    b) List five common types of anxiety disorders.
    c) Describe the symptoms of a patient experiencing a panic attack.
    d) How would you manage a patient presenting with a panic attack in the emergency department?
    e) Outline non-pharmacological interventions for anxiety disorders.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  1. a) Define obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
    b) Differentiate between obsessions and compulsions.
    c) List four common symptoms of OCD.
    d) How can you manage a patient diagnosed with OCD?
    e) What advice would you give to a family living with a patient diagnosed with OCD?

Somatoform & Dissociative Disorders

  1. a) Define somatoform disorders.
    b) Mention five types of somatoform disorders.
    c) Describe the clinical features of conversion disorder.
    d) How would you manage a patient diagnosed with conversion disorder?
    e) Explain the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.

Substance Use & Addiction Disorders

  1. a) Define substance use disorder.
    b) List five common substances that cause addiction.
    c) Describe the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol dependence.
    d) Explain the management of a patient undergoing alcohol withdrawal.
    e) Mention four nursing diagnoses for a patient with substance use disorder.

Neurocognitive Disorders (Dementia & Delirium)

  1. a) Differentiate between dementia and delirium.
    b) List four common causes of dementia.
    c) What are the signs and symptoms of delirium?
    d) Explain the management of a patient with Alzheimer’s disease.
    e) What support can be provided to caregivers of patients with dementia?

Eating Disorders (Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa)

  1. a) Define anorexia nervosa.
    b) Differentiate between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
    c) Mention five medical complications of eating disorders.
    d) Explain the management of a patient with severe anorexia nervosa.
    e) What psychological interventions are recommended for patients with eating disorders?
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Primary Health Care (PHC)

  1. What is Primary Health Care (PHC), and why is it important for the health of a community?

  2. Can you explain the main principles of PHC? How do these principles help improve health in communities?

  3. What are the key components or elements of PHC, and how do they work together to provide better health services?

  4. What strategies can be used to ensure that PHC activities are effective in a community? How would you implement these strategies?

Community Assessment

  1. How would you assess the health needs of a community? What steps would you take to identify the most pressing health problems?

  2. How would you conduct a community health assessment in a rural area compared to an urban area? What differences would you expect to find?

  3. When doing a home visit to assess health in a community, what important information would you gather to understand the family’s health needs?

Home Visits in Community Health

  1. What is a home visit in community health, and what is its purpose? How would you prepare for a home visit to ensure you gather the right information?

  2. How can the nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation) be applied during a home visit to improve health outcomes?

  3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conducting home visits in community health? How can you address the challenges that might arise?

Vital Statistics in Health

  1. Why are vital statistics (such as birth and death rates) important for monitoring the health of a community? How would you collect this data in a village?

  2. What are some key vital statistics that can help determine the health status of a community? Why are they useful for public health planning?

  3. How can accurate vital statistics help guide health policies and programs? What are some ways to ensure that the data collected is accurate and reliable?

PHC and Community-Based Health Care (CBHC)

  1. What is the connection between Primary Health Care (PHC) and Community-Based Health Care (CBHC)? How do they complement each other in improving health at the community level?

  2. As a community nurse, how would you apply four of the PHC principles to your work to help improve health outcomes in a community?

  3. Why is PHC often considered more effective than specialized medical services in improving community health? Can you explain this in simple terms to a community?

Community Mobilization

  1. How would you approach mobilizing a community to get involved in a health education campaign (e.g., nutrition or sanitation)? What steps would you take?

  2. What methods would you use to encourage people to actively participate in a health education program? How would you ensure that the community remains engaged throughout the program?

  3. How can you ensure the sustainability of health programs in the community? What role would local leaders and community members play in this process?

School Health Services

  1. What does “school health” mean, and why is it important to have a school health program in place? What challenges might you face in setting up such a program?

  2. How does a school health program benefit students, and what steps would you take to ensure that students receive the best care possible through this program?

  3. What role does a nurse play in a school health program, and how does this contribute to the overall health and well-being of students?

  4. What key components should be included in a school health program? How can these components support the health of students and contribute to the community’s health goals?

Community Participation and Engagement

  1. Why is community participation important in the success of PHC programs? How can you encourage the community to take part in these health programs?

  2. What are the potential barriers to effective community participation in PHC programs? How can these obstacles be overcome?

  3. What are the benefits of involving the community in health decision-making and planning? How would you create a sense of ownership among community members in a health program?

Health Promotion

  1. What are some practical health promotion interventions you would implement in a community to address lifestyle-related diseases?

  2. How can you mobilize a community to participate in a health promotion program? What key steps should be followed in this process?

  3. What are the different levels of disease prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary)? Can you provide examples of each in a community setting?

Appropriate Technology in PHC

  1. How does the use of appropriate technology improve the delivery of PHC services? Can you give an example of a technology that could be used in community health?

  2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using appropriate technology in PHC services? How would you decide if a technology is suitable for a particular community?

Epidemics and Community Health

  1. What is an epidemic, and how do epidemics affect community health? Can you give examples of common epidemics in community settings?

  2. What factors contribute to the spread of epidemics in a community, and what role can community health workers play in managing them?

  3. As a nurse or health worker, how would you help manage an epidemic in your community? What steps would you take to contain the outbreak and prevent further spread?

Community-Based Health Care (CBHC)

  1. How would you describe community-based health care (CBHC), and how does it differ from traditional healthcare systems?

  2. What are the key characteristics of CBHC, and how does it support the health needs of a community?

  3. If you were tasked with implementing a community health activity in a village, what steps would you take to ensure the activity is successful?

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Schistosomiasis

  1. a) What is schistosomiasis, and how does it affect human health?

    • b) Explain the impact of schistosomiasis on different body systems.
    • c) How does schistosomiasis affect socioeconomic conditions in endemic areas?

  2. a) Can you explain the different types of schistosomiasis and how they vary in terms of clinical presentation and severity?

    • b) How do the types of schistosomiasis affect treatment strategies?
    • c) What preventive strategies are most effective for each type?

  3. a) What are the clinical manifestations of schistosoma mansoni, and how can they be identified in patients?

    • b) How can schistosoma mansoni be diagnosed based on clinical presentation?
    • c) What laboratory tests are used to confirm a schistosoma mansoni infection?

  4. a) Describe the lifecycle of Schistosoma haematobium, using a detailed diagram.

    • b) How do the stages of Schistosoma haematobium lifecycle contribute to human infection?
    • c) What role do snails play in the lifecycle of Schistosoma haematobium?

  5. a) What are the primary preventive measures for all types of schistosomiasis?

    • b) How can communities reduce their risk of schistosomiasis through public health education?
    • c) What role do sanitation and water treatment play in the prevention of schistosomiasis?

Communicable Diseases

  1. a) What are the common modes of transmission for communicable diseases?

    • b) How does air-borne transmission differ from vector-borne transmission?
    • c) How can environmental factors influence the transmission of communicable diseases?

  2. a) What are the most effective methods or approaches used to prevent and control communicable diseases in a community?

    • b) What role does vaccination play in controlling communicable diseases?
    • c) How do public health campaigns contribute to controlling the spread of diseases?

  3. a) Describe the types of waterborne diseases, providing examples.

    • b) How are waterborne diseases transmitted in communities with poor sanitation?
    • c) What are the key preventive measures for waterborne diseases?

Diarrhoea Management

  1. a) What is diarrhoea, and how does it differ from other gastrointestinal illnesses?

    • b) What are the causes of acute and chronic diarrhoea?
    • c) How do you differentiate between bacterial and viral diarrhoea?

  2. a) What are the primary causes of diarrhoea in Uganda, and what factors contribute to its high prevalence?

    • b) How does poor sanitation contribute to the spread of diarrhoea in rural areas?
    • c) What role does nutrition play in the prevention of diarrhoea?

  3. a) What are the key medications used in managing diarrhoea in children?

    • b) How do oral rehydration solutions (ORS) help in treating diarrhoea?
    • c) What are the risks of not treating diarrhoea in children promptly?

  4. a) Formulate five priority nursing diagnoses for a child with diarrhoea.

    • b) What interventions should be prioritized for these nursing diagnoses?
    • c) How do you evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing interventions for diarrhoea?

Measles

  1. a) What is measles, and how is it transmitted?

    • b) How does measles affect different age groups differently?
    • c) Why is vaccination crucial in preventing measles?

  2. a) Outline the signs and symptoms of measles, and explain how these symptoms progress in the different stages of the disease.

    • b) How do you differentiate measles from other childhood rashes like rubella?
    • c) What complications arise in severe cases of measles?

  3. a) How would you manage a 12-year-old child diagnosed with measles from admission to discharge?

    • b) What are the key aspects of supportive care in measles management?
    • c) What are the indications for hospitalization in a measles case?

  4. a) What are the likely complications of measles, and how can they be prevented or treated?

    • b) How does vitamin A supplementation help in measles treatment?
    • c) What is the role of antibiotics in managing secondary infections in measles?

Malaria

  1. a) Classify malaria based on its severity.

    • b) What are the diagnostic criteria for complicated malaria?
    • c) How does malaria classification influence treatment decisions?

  2. a) What are the cardinal signs of complicated malaria, and how should a healthcare provider respond to these signs?

    • b) How is severe malaria different from mild malaria in terms of treatment?
    • c) What are the potential outcomes of untreated complicated malaria?

  3. a) Describe the lifecycle of malaria in both humans and mosquitoes, using diagrams to illustrate key stages of the infection.

    • b) How do the stages of the malaria lifecycle affect transmission in humans?
    • c) What role do mosquitoes play in spreading malaria?

  4. a) What preventive measures can communities take to prevent the spread of malaria?

    • b) How can insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) reduce malaria transmission?
    • c) What impact do environmental changes have on malaria transmission rates?

  5. a) Make five actual diagnoses for malaria in a patient, and provide three potential diagnoses based on the clinical presentation.

    • b) How would you confirm a malaria diagnosis through laboratory tests?
    • c) What are the factors that might complicate malaria diagnosis?

Hookworm Infestation

  1. a) Describe the lifecycle of hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus), and explain how humans become infected.

    • b) How does hookworm infestation affect human health in the long term?
    • c) What environmental factors increase the risk of hookworm infection?

  2. a) What are the preventive measures for hookworm infestation?

    • b) How can personal hygiene help prevent hookworm infections?
    • c) What community-level interventions can reduce hookworm prevalence?

  3. a) List the likely complications of neglected hookworm infestations and explain their impact on overall health.

    • b) How do hookworm infestations affect children’s growth and development?
    • c) What are the long-term effects of untreated hookworm infections?

Hemorrhagic Fevers (Including Ebola)

  1. a) What are hemorrhagic fevers, and how do they differ from other viral infections in terms of clinical presentation and management?

    • b) What are the common symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers?
    • c) How do hemorrhagic fevers spread from one person to another?

  2. a) List the different types of hemorrhagic fevers, and explain how each one is transmitted and managed.

    • b) What is the role of isolation in controlling hemorrhagic fevers?
    • c) How do healthcare workers protect themselves while managing hemorrhagic fever patients?

  3. a) What are the main causes and predisposing factors of hemorrhagic fevers?

    • b) How do environmental factors influence the spread of hemorrhagic fevers?
    • c) What preventive measures can communities take to reduce the risk of outbreaks?

  4. a) Describe the management approach for a patient suspected to have Ebola.

    • b) What isolation protocols should be followed in an Ebola outbreak?
    • c) How can supportive care improve the prognosis of Ebola patients?

Rabies

  1. a) What is rabies, and how is it transmitted to humans?

    • b) How do rabies symptoms differ in animals and humans?
    • c) What are the primary prevention methods for rabies?

  2. a) What steps would you take to manage a person suspected of having rabies, both at home and in the hospital setting?

    • b) What is the role of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in rabies management?
    • c) How would you educate the community on rabies prevention?

  3. a) What are the complications associated with rabies, and how can these complications be prevented or minimized?

    • b) How does rabies affect the nervous system?
    • c) What is the importance of timely medical intervention in rabies cases?

Bacillary Dysentery

  1. a) What is bacillary dysentery, and how does it differ from other forms of dysentery like amoebic dysentery?

    • b) What is the primary pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery?
    • c) How can you differentiate bacillary dysentery from other gastrointestinal infections?

  2. a) Describe the specific management of a 3-year-old child diagnosed with bacillary dysentery, from admission to discharge.

    • b) What is the role of antibiotics in managing bacillary dysentery?
    • c) What are the key nursing interventions for a child with dysentery?

Typhoid Fever

  1. a) What is typhoid fever, and how is it caused by the Salmonella bacteria?

    • b) What are the different stages of typhoid fever, and how do symptoms progress over time?
    • c) How is typhoid fever diagnosed?

  2. a) What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of typhoid fever?

    • b) How do you differentiate between typhoid fever and other febrile illnesses?
    • c) What diagnostic tests are used to confirm a typhoid fever diagnosis?
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Antenatal Care & Pregnancy-Related Conditions

  1. a) List five medications used in antenatal care and discuss them under:

    • Dose
    • Indications
    • Side effects

  2. a) Outline the obstetric causes of anemia in pregnancy.
    b) List five causes of hemolytic anemia.
    c) Describe the management of Mrs. Mucosal, who presents at 36 weeks with severe anemia.

  3. a) Define a cervix.
    b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the structure of the cervix.
    c) Outline six functions of the cervix.

  4. a) Define good antenatal care.
    b) Give indications for referring a mother to a doctor during this period.
    c) How would you manage a mother who presents with lower back pain at 32 weeks?

  5. a) Define normal puerperium.
    b) Describe the management of a mother who has had a normal delivery up to discharge.
    c) List complications that may occur during this period.

Labor & Delivery

  1. a) Outline the symptoms of pregnancy.

  2. a) Explain the characteristics of normal uterine action during the first stage of labor.
    b) How would you manage a gravida 3, para 2 mother at term who presents with a history of precipitate labor in previous pregnancies?

  3. a) Describe the vagina.
    b) What information is obtained from vaginal examination during labor?
    c) Mention four contraindications of vaginal examination, giving reasons for each.
    d) List complications of vaginal examination.

  4. a) Define intrauterine fetal death (IUFD).
    b) Outline the causes of IUFD.
    c) How is the diagnosis of IUFD made?
    d) What is the management of IUFD in the hospital?

  5. a) Describe the pelvic floor.
    b) Outline injuries that can occur to the pelvic floor during labor.
    c) Explain how knowledge of the fetal skull can help prevent perineal tears.

Fetal Development & Wellbeing

  1. a) Describe the fetal skull.
    b) How is fetal wellbeing monitored during pregnancy?
    c) List indications for an ultrasound scan in late pregnancy.

  2. a) Describe the non-pregnant uterus.
    b) Explain changes that occur in this organ during puerperium.
    c) List complications likely to occur in the first stage of labor.

Medical Conditions in Pregnancy

  1. a) What is the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on pregnancy?

  2. a) How does pregnancy affect DM?
    b) How would you care for a diabetic mother who has had a cesarean section in the first 48 hours post-operation?

  3. a) Describe the umbilical cord.
    b) Describe different abnormalities of the cord.

  4. a) Explain why pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria.
    b) Describe the management of a primigravida who presents at 34 weeks with severe malaria.
    c) Outline the likely complications of malaria on pregnancy.

  5. a) Define essential hypertension.
    b) Classify hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
    c) Describe the management of Mrs. Nangobi, a G4P2+1 presenting at 32 weeks with essential hypertension.
    d) How does hypertension affect pregnancy?

  6. a) Outline signs and symptoms of the first stage of labor.
    b) Describe the management of a young primigravida in the first stage of labor.
    c) List complications likely to occur during this stage.

  7. a) Define hyperemesis gravidarum.
    b) Outline causes of hyperemesis gravidarum.
    c) Describe the management of a G2P1+0 mother presenting with hyperemesis gravidarum at 28 weeks.
    d) Explain likely complications of this condition.

  8. a) Define preeclampsia.
    b) Outline signs and symptoms of preeclampsia.
    c) What are the predisposing factors for preeclampsia?
    d) Describe the nursing care of a mother with severe preeclampsia.
    e) List complications of severe preeclampsia.

Placenta, Lactation & Postpartum Care

  1. a) Describe the placenta at term.
    b) Explain functions of the placenta.
    c) Outline abnormalities that may be found on the placenta.

  2. a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the structure of the female breast.
    b) Explain the physiology of lactation.
    c) Explain factors that promote successful lactation.

  3. a) Define labor.
    b) Explain the physiology of the first stage of labor.
    c) Describe the management of a mother in the second stage of labor.

  4. a) Outline changes in the cervix during the first stage of labor.
    b) What information is found on the partograph?
    c) A G2P1+0 mother presents in normal labor at a health center. What may make you refer her?

  5. a) Give five advantages of following up postpartum mothers.
    b) Explain the postpartum maternal assessment carried out during domiciliary care.
    c) List problems identified during domiciliary care.

Labor & Postpartum Complications

  1. a) Describe six factors influencing the length of the second stage of labor.
    b) Explain three phases used in conducting the second stage of labor.
    c) Give the immediate assessment of a baby after the second stage of labor.

  2. a) Mention factors aiding uterine involution.
    b) Explain how uterine involution is assessed and documented from delivery to 10 days postpartum.
    c) Give five complications of subinvolution of the uterus.

Antenatal & Menstrual Cycle

    1. a) Explain the antenatal appointment schedules.
      b) Give six barriers to adherence to goal-oriented antenatal visits.
      c) Identify five complications a pregnant woman is likely to develop if she does not attend antenatal care.

    2. a) Describe the structure of the ovary.
      b) List functions of the ovary.
      c) Describe the menstrual cycle.

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MEDICINE I AND 111 QUESTIONS

1. Hypertension and Hypertensive Crisis

a) Define hypertensive crisis and explain its different classifications.
b) List and explain 8 clinical features of hypertension.
c) Identify 4 causes and 5 predisposing factors of hypertension.
d) Explain the specific nursing care you would give to Mr. Senyonyi, a known hypertensive patient, presenting with signs of hypertensive crisis from the time of admission to discharge.
e) Discuss the role of pharmacological management in treating hypertensive crises.
f) Outline 5 non-pharmacological interventions for managing hypertension.
g) What lifestyle changes would you recommend to a hypertensive patient to reduce the risk of hypertensive crisis?

2. Hydrocele

a) Define hydrocele and describe its different types.
b) Explain the pathophysiology of hydrocele.
c) List 4 causes and 5 risk factors associated with hydrocele.
d) What are the treatment options for hydrocele?
e) Discuss the nursing management for a patient with hydrocele post-surgery.
f) What complications may arise from untreated hydrocele?

3. Hodgkin’s Disease

a) Define Hodgkin’s disease and list its clinical features.
b) Identify the major causes and risk factors for Hodgkin’s disease.
c) Explain the diagnostic tests and staging of Hodgkin’s disease.
d) Describe the treatment options available for Hodgkin’s disease.
e) Outline the nursing care for a patient with Hodgkin’s disease during chemotherapy.
f) What are the potential complications and long-term effects of Hodgkin’s disease and its treatment?

4. Ankylosing Spondylitis

a) Define ankylosing spondylitis and describe its pathophysiology.
b) Identify 5 causes and risk factors for developing ankylosing spondylitis.
c) Explain the clinical manifestations and diagnostic tests for ankylosing spondylitis.
d) Describe the treatment options and management strategies for ankylosing spondylitis.
e) Discuss the role of physical therapy in the management of ankylosing spondylitis.
f) Identify 5 possible complications associated with ankylosing spondylitis.

5. Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)

a) Define Paget’s disease (Osteitis deformans).
b) Discuss the pathophysiology and etiology of Paget’s disease.
c) Explain the clinical signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease.
d) Describe the nursing care you would provide for Mr. Muwonge, a patient with Paget’s disease, from admission to discharge.
e) Identify 4 complications of Paget’s disease and their management.
f) Discuss how Paget’s disease can affect bone strength and posture.

6. Hepatitis B

a) What factors contribute to the high prevalence of hepatitis B in Uganda?
b) How does a patient with chronic hepatitis B typically present, and what symptoms would you expect to find?
c) Identify 5 priority nursing diagnoses for a patient with hepatitis B.
d) Describe the specific nursing management you would give to a patient with hepatitis B, including any dietary recommendations.
e) List the complications of hepatitis B, including cirrhosis and liver cancer.
f) Suggest ways to prevent the transmission of hepatitis B in the community, particularly in high-risk groups.
g) What role do vaccinations play in preventing hepatitis B in Uganda?

7. Myocardial Infarction

a) Define myocardial infarction and list its clinical features.
b) Explain the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction.
c) Describe the first 24 hours of nursing care for a patient admitted with a myocardial infarction.
d) Discuss the role of thrombolytics in the treatment of myocardial infarction and their potential complications.
e) What are the common complications following a myocardial infarction, and how can they be managed?
f) Identify the lifestyle modifications a patient with myocardial infarction should adopt post-discharge.
g) What are the early warning signs of myocardial infarction that patients should be educated about?

8. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

a) List 5 cardinal signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis that an adult male, like Mr. Okello, might present with.
b) Identify 5 specific investigations that can confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
c) Explain the nursing care that should be given to Mr. Okello, a male patient with pulmonary tuberculosis, from admission to discharge.
d) What is the role of Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) in managing tuberculosis?
e) Discuss the psychological and social impacts of living with pulmonary tuberculosis.

9. Bronchial Pneumonia

a) Outline the clinical features of bronchial pneumonia.
b) Describe the specific nursing management you would give to Mrs. A, a female patient, within the first 72 hours of admission.
c) Explain 5 likely complications Mrs. A might develop following bronchial pneumonia.
d) Discuss the role of oxygen therapy and antibiotics in managing bronchial pneumonia.
e) What are the preventive measures for pneumonia in vulnerable populations, like elderly individuals?

10. Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)

a) Outline the signs and symptoms of congestive cardiac failure that Mr. Lusoke, a 62-year-old male, might present with.
b) Discuss the common causes of congestive cardiac failure.
c) Explain the specific nursing care and management that would be provided to Mr. Lusoke from admission to discharge.
d) What are the goals of fluid management in patients with congestive heart failure?
e) Identify the medications commonly used in the management of CCF.

11. Parkinson’s Disease

a) Outline the signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
b) List 5 causes and predisposing factors to Parkinson’s disease.
c) Explain the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease.
d) Describe the specific nursing management given to a patient with Parkinson’s disease, including medication management.
e) Discuss the role of physical therapy and exercise in managing Parkinson’s disease.
f) Identify the complications associated with Parkinson’s disease and their management.

12. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

a) List 5 common causes and 6 signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection.
b) Describe the specific nursing care you would give to Mr. Okello, a 28-year-old male patient, within the first 48 hours of admission with a UTI.
c) Discuss measures that can be taken to prevent urinary tract infections, particularly in young adults.
d) What are the pharmacological interventions for managing UTIs?
e) What is the significance of urine culture and sensitivity testing in UTI management?

13. Addison’s Disease

a) Define Addison’s disease.
b) List the causes and risk factors that lead to Addison’s disease.
c) Using the nursing process, describe the management of a patient with Addison’s disease.
d) Discuss the role of corticosteroids in the treatment of Addison’s disease.
e) What are the complications associated with Addison’s disease, and how can they be prevented?
f) Explain the importance of patient education on managing Addison’s disease, including diet and medication adherence.

4. Asthma

a) Define asthma and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List 5 common triggers of asthma exacerbations.
c) Identify the signs and symptoms of an asthma attack.
d) Describe the pharmacological management of asthma, including both long-term and short-term medications.
e) Discuss the nursing care provided to a patient during an asthma attack.
f) What are the long-term goals of asthma management, and how can they be achieved?
g) Explain how a patient can manage asthma at home, including lifestyle modifications and the use of a peak flow meter.

15. Diabetes Mellitus

a) Define diabetes mellitus and differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
b) List 5 common symptoms of hyperglycemia and 5 symptoms of hypoglycemia.
c) Explain the complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes.
d) Discuss the role of insulin therapy in the management of diabetes.
e) What are the nursing interventions for managing a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
f) Describe how blood glucose monitoring and patient education play a role in diabetes management.
g) What lifestyle changes can a patient make to manage type 2 diabetes effectively?

16. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)

a) Define a stroke and explain the different types (ischemic and hemorrhagic).
b) List 5 common signs and symptoms of a stroke.
c) Describe the initial nursing management of a stroke patient upon admission.
d) Identify the risk factors for stroke and explain how they can be managed.
e) Discuss rehabilitation strategies for stroke patients, including speech and physical therapy.
f) What are the complications of stroke, and how can they be prevented?
g) Explain the role of thrombolytic therapy in managing ischemic strokes.

17. Peptic Ulcer Disease

a) Define peptic ulcer disease and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List the common causes and risk factors of peptic ulcer disease.
c) Identify the clinical signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers.
d) Discuss the pharmacological management of peptic ulcer disease.
e) What are the nursing interventions to help manage pain and discomfort in patients with peptic ulcers?
f) Explain the role of lifestyle changes in preventing peptic ulcers, including dietary modifications and stress management.

18. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

a) Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List 5 risk factors for COPD, particularly in Ugandan settings.
c) Explain the clinical manifestations and diagnostic tests for COPD.
d) Describe the pharmacological treatment options for COPD.
e) Discuss the nursing care and management for a patient with acute exacerbation of COPD.
f) Identify 4 complications associated with COPD and their management.
g) What preventive measures can be taken to reduce the incidence of COPD in the community?

19. Sickle Cell Disease

a) Define sickle cell disease and explain its genetic inheritance pattern.
b) List 5 common symptoms and complications of sickle cell disease.
c) Describe the role of blood transfusions in the management of sickle cell disease.
d) Discuss the nursing care of a patient in vaso-occlusive crisis.
e) What are the long-term management strategies for sickle cell disease, including pain management and prevention of complications?
f) How can patient education improve the quality of life for those living with sickle cell disease?

20. Urinary Retention

a) Define urinary retention and explain its types (acute vs. chronic).
b) List 5 common causes of urinary retention.
c) Identify the clinical manifestations of acute and chronic urinary retention.
d) Describe the nursing interventions for managing a patient with urinary retention.
e) Explain the role of catheterization in relieving urinary retention and the risks involved.
f) What are the complications of untreated urinary retention?
g) Discuss the preventive measures for urinary retention, especially in patients with neurological conditions.

21. Gout

a) Define gout and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List 5 risk factors and causes of gout.
c) Identify the clinical manifestations of an acute gout attack.
d) Discuss the pharmacological management of gout, including medications to lower uric acid levels.
e) Describe the dietary recommendations for patients with gout.
f) What are the long-term management strategies to prevent gout flare-ups?
g) Explain the nursing interventions for a patient experiencing an acute gout attack.

22. Menstrual Disorders

a) Define amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea and explain the causes of each.
b) List 5 common menstrual disorders and their signs and symptoms.
c) Explain the diagnostic tests used to assess menstrual disorders.
d) Describe the nursing care for a female patient with severe dysmenorrhea.
e) Discuss the role of hormonal therapy in managing menstrual disorders.
f) What lifestyle and dietary changes can help manage menstrual disorders?

23. Celiac Disease

a) Define celiac disease and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List 5 common symptoms of celiac disease.
c) Describe the diagnostic tests and procedures used to confirm celiac disease.
d) Discuss the nursing management and patient education for someone newly diagnosed with celiac disease.
e) What is the role of a gluten-free diet in managing celiac disease?
f) Identify potential complications of untreated celiac disease.

24. Rheumatoid Arthritis

a) Define rheumatoid arthritis and explain its autoimmune nature.
b) List 5 clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis.
c) Describe the nursing care and management for a patient with acute rheumatoid arthritis flare-ups.
d) Explain the role of Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in managing rheumatoid arthritis.
e) Discuss the role of physical therapy in improving joint function and mobility in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
f) What are the long-term complications associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

25. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

a) Define acute kidney injury and differentiate between prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal causes.
b) List 5 common causes of acute kidney injury.
c) Explain the clinical manifestations of acute kidney injury.
d) Describe the nursing management for a patient with AKI, including fluid balance monitoring and electrolyte management.
e) What is the role of dialysis in the management of acute kidney injury?
f) Discuss the potential complications of AKI and how they can be prevented.

26. Tuberculosis (TB)

a) Define tuberculosis and explain the difference between latent TB and active TB.
b) List 5 common risk factors for tuberculosis in Uganda.
c) Identify the signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis.
d) Describe the diagnostic tests for confirming tuberculosis.
e) Explain the pharmacological treatment regimen for tuberculosis, including the duration and common side effects of antituberculosis drugs.
f) Discuss the nursing management for a patient with active tuberculosis.
g) Explain how to prevent the spread of tuberculosis in a community setting.

27. Obesity

a) Define obesity and explain its classification based on Body Mass Index (BMI).
b) List 5 health risks associated with obesity.
c) Identify the common causes of obesity, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
d) Discuss the role of diet and exercise in the management of obesity.
e) What are the nursing interventions for a patient who is obese and seeking to lose weight?
f) Describe the pharmacological and surgical options for treating obesity, including their risks and benefits.
g) What are the potential complications of obesity if left untreated?

28. Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

a) Define rheumatic heart disease and explain how it develops following a streptococcal throat infection.
b) List the clinical features of rheumatic heart disease.
c) Identify the complications associated with rheumatic heart disease, including valve damage.
d) Explain the role of antibiotics in the prevention of rheumatic fever.
e) Discuss the nursing management of a patient with rheumatic heart disease.
f) What are the long-term monitoring and management strategies for patients with rheumatic heart disease?

29. Cervical Cancer

a) Define cervical cancer and explain the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in its development.
b) List 5 risk factors for cervical cancer.
c) Identify the clinical symptoms of cervical cancer, especially in its early stages.
d) Describe the screening methods used for early detection of cervical cancer.
e) Discuss the nursing care and management for a patient undergoing treatment for cervical cancer, including radiation and chemotherapy.
f) What preventive measures can be implemented to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer in the community?

30. Glaucoma

a) Define glaucoma and explain the pathophysiology of open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma.
b) List 5 risk factors for developing glaucoma.
c) Identify the signs and symptoms of glaucoma.
d) Explain the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for managing glaucoma.
e) Discuss the nursing interventions for a patient diagnosed with glaucoma.
f) What are the complications of untreated glaucoma, and how can they be prevented?

31. Meningitis

a) Define meningitis and explain the difference between bacterial and viral meningitis.
b) List the common causes of bacterial meningitis in Uganda.
c) Identify the signs and symptoms of meningitis in both adults and children.
d) Describe the diagnostic tests for meningitis, including lumbar puncture.
e) Discuss the nursing care and management for a patient with bacterial meningitis, including the use of antibiotics and pain management.
f) Explain the prevention strategies for meningitis, including vaccination and hygiene practices.

32. Hyperthyroidism

a) Define hyperthyroidism and explain its pathophysiology, including the role of Graves’ disease.
b) List 5 common signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
c) Identify 3 causes of hyperthyroidism, including autoimmune and non-autoimmune factors.
d) Discuss the pharmacological treatment options for hyperthyroidism.
e) Explain the nursing interventions for managing a patient with hyperthyroidism during a thyroid storm.
f) What are the long-term management strategies for a patient with hyperthyroidism?

33. Hypothyroidism

a) Define hypothyroidism and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List 5 common causes of hypothyroidism, including autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
c) Identify the clinical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.
d) Discuss the pharmacological management of hypothyroidism, focusing on levothyroxine.
e) Explain the nursing interventions for a patient with hypothyroidism, especially during the initiation of thyroid hormone therapy.
f) What are the potential complications of untreated hypothyroidism?

34. Neonatal Jaundice

a) Define neonatal jaundice and explain its pathophysiology.
b) List 3 common causes of neonatal jaundice in the first week of life.
c) Identify the clinical signs of neonatal jaundice.
d) Discuss the treatment options for managing neonatal jaundice, including phototherapy.
e) Describe the nursing care for an infant receiving treatment for jaundice.
f) What are the potential complications of untreated neonatal jaundice?

35. Acute Gastroenteritis

a) Define acute gastroenteritis and explain its common causes, including viral and bacterial infections.
b) List 5 common signs and symptoms of acute gastroenteritis.
c) Describe the diagnostic tests for determining the cause of gastroenteritis.
d) Discuss the nursing management of a patient with acute gastroenteritis, including fluid and electrolyte balance.
e) What preventive measures can be taken to reduce the incidence of gastroenteritis in a community setting?

36. Anemia

a) Define anemia and explain its classification based on the underlying cause.
b) List 5 common causes of anemia in Uganda, including nutritional and infectious causes.
c) Identify the clinical signs and symptoms of anemia.
d) Discuss the diagnostic tests used to determine the type and cause of anemia.
e) Explain the nursing management of a patient with iron-deficiency anemia, including dietary and pharmacological interventions.
f) What are the complications of untreated anemia, and how can they be prevented?

37. Chronic Liver Disease

a) Define chronic liver disease and explain the causes, including viral infections (hepatitis B and C).
b) List the common signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease.
c) Identify 4 complications of chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver failure.
d) Discuss the pharmacological treatment options for managing chronic liver disease.
e) Describe the nursing care for a patient with cirrhosis and ascites.
f) What preventive measures can be taken to reduce the risk of chronic liver disease?

38. Skin Infections

a) Define a skin infection and explain the different types, including bacterial, fungal, and viral.
b) List 5 common causes of skin infections in Uganda.
c) Identify the signs and symptoms of a bacterial skin infection such as cellulitis.
d) Discuss the nursing management for a patient with a fungal infection like tinea corporis.
e) What are the key steps in preventing skin infections, especially in community settings with poor sanitation?

39. Malaria

a) Define malaria and explain the role of Plasmodium species in its pathophysiology.
b) List 5 common symptoms of malaria in both adults and children.
c) Identify the diagnostic methods used to confirm malaria infection.
d) Discuss the pharmacological treatment options for malaria, including antimalarial drugs like Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs).
e) Explain the nursing care for a patient with severe malaria, including the use of intravenous fluids and antimalarial therapy.
f) What are the preventive measures for malaria, including vector control and prophylactic treatment?

40. HIV/AIDS

a) Define HIV and explain the difference between HIV and AIDS.
b) List 5 common modes of HIV transmission.
c) Identify the clinical signs and symptoms of acute HIV infection.
d) Discuss the pharmacological treatment for managing HIV, including antiretroviral therapy (ART).
e) Explain the nursing care for a patient living with HIV, including monitoring for opportunistic infections.
f) What preventive strategies can be implemented to reduce the transmission of HIV in Uganda?

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  1. Define the term Apgar score.
    a) What are the 10 key characteristics of a normal newborn baby?
    b) What immediate care should be provided to a normal newborn baby within the first 72 hours after delivery?

  2. Differentiate between Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM).
    b) What are the common causes of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age?
    c) Why is breastfeeding considered so important for infants up to 2 years of age?

  3. Define the term congenital abnormalities.
    a) How are congenital heart abnormalities classified?
    b) What are the ways to prevent congenital abnormalities?

  4. What factors predispose newborns to infections?
    b) List 8 clinical features of neonatal tetanus.
    c) How would you manage a 3-month-old child diagnosed with tetanus?

  5. What are the common factors that predispose to birth injuries?
    a) Differentiate between caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma.
    b) How would you manage a newborn with caput succedaneum?

  6. A 5-week-old neonate presents with fast breathing, chest in-drawing, and stridor.
    b) How would you provide immediate nursing care for this child in the first 8 hours after admission?

  7. A 5-year-old child presents with a painful sickle cell crisis.
    a) What are 5 possible causes of a sickle cell crisis?
    b) List 4 diagnostic signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease in children.
    c) How would you manage this child from admission to discharge?

  8. A 4-month-old baby is diagnosed with pneumonia.
    a) What are the clinical signs of pneumonia in a 4-month-old?
    b) What is the management plan within the first 72 hours of care?

  9. Define the following terms: i) Fracture
    ii) Osteopenia of prematurity
    iii) Osteogenesis imperfecta
    iv) Osteomyelitis
    b) What are 5 signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis in children?
    c) How would you manage a 3-year-old child diagnosed with osteomyelitis?

  10. An 8-month-old child is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome.
    a) What are 6 signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome in children?
    b) What specific nursing care should be given to the child in the first 72 hours after admission?
    c) What are 5 possible complications of nephrotic syndrome?

  11. What are the advantages of breastfeeding?
    a) How does human milk compare to cow’s milk in terms of nutritional content?
    b) What are the common problems faced by mothers during breastfeeding?

  12. List five congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and five in the musculoskeletal system.
    a) What are the most common causes of congenital abnormalities?
    b) How would you counsel a mother who has delivered a baby with spina bifida?

  13. What factors promote good nutrition in children under five?
    a) What advice would you give to a mother whose 2-year-old child is suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition?
    b) List five common problems associated with birth injuries.
    c) What role can nurses play in the prevention of birth injuries?

  14. A child is admitted to the hospital with a suspected heart defect.
    a) What are the key congenital heart defects that you would look for when assessing a newborn or infant?
    b) How would you explain to the parents the potential treatment options available for a child with a congenital heart defect?
    c) Imagine you’re part of a team monitoring a child post-surgery for a congenital heart defect. What steps would you take in the immediate recovery phase?

  15. Consider a newborn with jaundice.
    a) What are the possible causes of jaundice in a newborn, and how would you differentiate between them?
    b) What methods would you use to manage a newborn with jaundice, and how would you monitor their progress?
    c) How can parents be educated on caring for a baby with jaundice at home after hospital discharge?

  16. Imagine a child is admitted with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
    a) What are the common causes of RDS in premature infants, and how do they affect the child’s breathing?
    b) How would you, as a nurse, provide immediate care and monitoring for a neonate diagnosed with RDS?
    c) What long-term follow-up care should be provided for a child with RDS after discharge?

  17. A 2-year-old child presents with severe dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea.
    a) What are the clinical signs that would confirm dehydration in a child of this age?
    b) What immediate interventions would you provide to restore the child’s fluid balance?
    c) How can parents be educated to prevent dehydration in their children, especially in areas where waterborne diseases are common?

  18. A child with cerebral palsy is brought to your clinic.
    a) How would you explain cerebral palsy to the child’s parents, focusing on its causes and symptoms?
    b) What are 5 key aspects of the management plan for a child with cerebral palsy?
    c) How can you work with the parents and other healthcare professionals to improve the child’s quality of life?

  19. A 6-month-old infant is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux (GERD).
    a) What are the typical symptoms of GERD in infants, and how would you differentiate it from other common conditions?
    b) How would you support the infant’s feeding routine to minimize GERD symptoms?
    c) What long-term interventions can be considered for managing GERD in infants, especially if the condition persists beyond the first year?

  20. A 3-year-old child is admitted with a fever and a possible bacterial infection.
    a) What are the most common bacterial infections that affect young children, and how would you recognize them?
    b) What steps would you take to diagnose the infection and provide immediate treatment?
    c) How can parents be educated on preventing future infections, particularly in a daycare or communal environment?

  21. Consider a newborn diagnosed with hypoglycemia.
    a) What are the possible causes of hypoglycemia in a newborn, and how would you assess the condition?
    b) What interventions would you provide to correct hypoglycemia in a newborn?
    c) What precautions should parents take after discharge to prevent recurrence of hypoglycemia in their baby?

  22. A child with asthma is brought to the clinic during an acute exacerbation.
    a) What are the signs of an asthma attack in a young child, and how would you differentiate them from other respiratory conditions?
    b) What immediate treatment options would you provide during an asthma attack?
    c) How can parents manage their child’s asthma at home to reduce future exacerbations?

  23. Imagine a toddler is brought to the hospital with a suspected urinary tract infection (UTI).
    a) What are the common symptoms of a UTI in young children, and how would you diagnose it?
    b) What treatments would you initiate for a child with a confirmed UTI?
    c) How can parents be educated on preventing future UTIs in their child?

  24. A 1-year-old child is being assessed for developmental milestones.
    a) What are the key milestones a 1-year-old should have reached in motor, sensory, and social development?
    b) What would you advise the parents if their child is behind on some of these milestones?
    c) How can early interventions be introduced to help support the child’s development if there are concerns?

  25. A 2-year-old child presents with a history of chronic cough and wheezing.
    a) What are the common causes of wheezing in toddlers, and how would you differentiate between them?
    b) What steps would you take in diagnosing the condition and initiating treatment?
    c) How can you educate parents on managing chronic cough and wheezing at home?

  26. A 4-month-old infant is diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT).
    a) What are the primary causes of failure to thrive in infants?
    b) How would you assess and monitor the infant’s nutritional intake and growth patterns?
    c) What interventions would you recommend to support the infant’s weight gain and overall development?

  27. A 6-year-old child is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia.
    a) What are the common causes of iron-deficiency anemia in children?
    b) What treatment options would you recommend to restore normal iron levels?
    c) How can you educate parents on preventing anemia in children, particularly through diet?

  28. A child is admitted with suspected meningitis.
    a) What are the early signs and symptoms of meningitis in young children?
    b) How would you manage a child suspected of having meningitis in the acute phase?
    c) What long-term follow-up care is needed for children recovering from meningitis?

  29. A 3-year-old child presents with persistent diarrhea and vomiting.
    a) What are the potential causes of prolonged diarrhea and vomiting in young children?
    b) What steps would you take to diagnose the underlying condition and manage hydration?
    c) How can you educate parents on preventing dehydration and the spread of infections in children?

  30. A 7-year-old child is diagnosed with allergic rhinitis.
    a) What are the common triggers of allergic rhinitis in children?
    b) What treatment strategies would you recommend to relieve the child’s symptoms?
    c) How can parents reduce the impact of allergic rhinitis on their child’s daily activities?

  31. A newborn presents with a cleft lip and/or cleft palate.
    a) What are the causes and risk factors for congenital cleft lip and/or palate?
    b) What are the immediate care and feeding considerations for an infant with this condition?
    c) How would you support the family in coping with the diagnosis and planning for surgical repair?

  32. A 10-year-old child is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
    a) What are the common signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children?
    b) How would you educate the family on managing diabetes, including insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring?
    c) What long-term complications should be monitored for in a child with type 1 diabetes?

  33. A 2-year-old is suspected of having a viral infection causing an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).
    a) What are the common viruses responsible for URTI in young children?
    b) What are the clinical features that suggest a viral origin, and how would you confirm this?
    c) How would you manage a viral URTI in a child, and what home-care tips would you provide to parents?

  34. A 4-year-old child presents with a history of frequent nosebleeds.
    a) What are the possible causes of recurrent nosebleeds in young children?
    b) What immediate measures would you take to stop the bleeding and manage the child’s condition?
    c) How would you advise parents on preventing and managing future episodes of nosebleeds at home?

  35. A 12-month-old infant is diagnosed with eczema.
    a) What are the common triggers for eczema in infants?
    b) How would you manage the child’s eczema flare-ups and reduce discomfort?
    c) What advice would you give to parents on long-term skin care and avoiding flare-ups?

  36. A 2-year-old child is diagnosed with acute otitis media (AOM).
    a) What are the typical signs and symptoms of acute otitis media in toddlers?
    b) What are the treatment options for AOM, including antibiotics and pain relief?
    c) How can parents reduce the risk of future ear infections in young children?

  37. A 5-month-old infant is being assessed for the possibility of a developmental delay.
    a) What developmental milestones should a 5-month-old infant typically meet?
    b) What early signs might indicate a developmental delay in motor, sensory, or cognitive skills?
    c) How would you proceed with the assessment and provide support to the family if a delay is suspected?

  38. A 6-year-old child presents with a suspected food allergy.
    a) What are the common signs and symptoms of a food allergy in children?
    b) How would you differentiate between an allergy and other conditions like food intolerance?
    c) What management strategies would you recommend for a child with a diagnosed food allergy?

  39. A newborn is diagnosed with jaundice shortly after birth.
    a) What are the different types of jaundice that can affect newborns?
    b) How would you assess the severity of jaundice in a newborn and decide on treatment?
    c) What discharge instructions would you give to parents caring for a jaundiced newborn at home?

  40. A child presents with a history of frequent headaches and vision changes.
    a) What are the possible causes of frequent headaches in children, and how would you differentiate them?
    b) What diagnostic tests would you consider to evaluate the underlying cause of the headaches?
    c) How would you manage the child’s symptoms and provide follow-up care?

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  1. Define rational drug use.
    a) How does rational drug use improve therapeutic outcomes in patients?
    b) What are the consequences of irrational drug use on patient health and healthcare costs?
    c) Give examples of rational drug use practices in clinical settings.

  2. Outline the medical classification of drugs, giving examples of each category.
    a) What criteria are used to classify drugs into their respective categories?
    b) Provide examples of drugs from at least five different medical classifications.
    c) How does the classification system guide the prescribing process in healthcare?

  3. Mention the legal classes of drugs, with examples of each.
    a) How do the legal classifications of drugs affect their distribution and prescription?
    b) Explain the difference between controlled and non-controlled drugs, using examples.
    c) What are the implications of prescribing drugs from higher legal classifications?

  4. Define infertility.
    a) What are the primary causes of infertility in men and women?
    b) How do diagnostic tests like semen analysis or hormone profiling help in diagnosing infertility?
    c) How does infertility treatment vary depending on its cause?

  5. State the common cause of infertility in women.
    a) How do factors like age, ovulatory disorders, or tubal blockage contribute to infertility in women?
    b) Explain how lifestyle factors such as obesity or stress can impact fertility.
    c) What role do assisted reproductive technologies (ART) play in overcoming female infertility?

  6. State the indications, side effects, and contraindications of clomiphene and bromocriptine.
    a) How do clomiphene and bromocriptine work in the treatment of infertility?
    b) What are the common side effects of these drugs, and how can they be managed?
    c) Under what conditions are clomiphene and bromocriptine contraindicated?

  7. Describe the mechanism of action of non-opioid analgesics.
    a) How do non-opioid analgesics like acetaminophen and NSAIDs relieve pain?
    b) What is the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the effectiveness of NSAIDs?
    c) How does the choice of non-opioid analgesic depend on the type and severity of pain?

  8. Write briefly about the handling of the class of non-opioid analgesics in a hospital setting.
    a) What are the key considerations in prescribing non-opioid analgesics in hospital settings?
    b) How should these drugs be stored to maintain their efficacy?
    c) What monitoring measures are necessary to ensure the safe use of non-opioid analgesics in patients?

  9. Define the following terms:
    i) Chemotherapy
    ii) Anti-tussive
    a) How do chemotherapy agents work to target cancer cells, and what are their common side effects?
    b) What is the mechanism of action of anti-tussive drugs, and when are they indicated?

  10. Mention four sources of drugs.
    a) How do natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic sources of drugs differ in terms of their origin and production?
    b) Can you give examples of drugs derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms?
    c) How has biotechnology changed the production and availability of drugs?

  11. Write down all routes which can be used for drug administration, giving advantages and disadvantages of each.
    a) Compare the effectiveness and convenience of oral vs. intravenous routes for drug administration.
    b) How does the route of administration influence drug absorption and therapeutic response?
    c) What factors should be considered when selecting the most appropriate route for a specific drug?

  12. Write down the factors that affect drug absorption.
    a) How do drug formulation and solubility affect absorption rates?
    b) What role do gastrointestinal pH and motility play in drug absorption?
    c) How can food, age, and disease states alter drug absorption?

  13. What factors affect drug dosage and action?
    a) How does a patient’s age, weight, and liver function affect drug dosage?
    b) What is the relationship between drug half-life and dosing intervals?
    c) How do genetic factors influence individual responses to drug therapy?

  14. State the clinical uses of oxytocin and mention six adverse side effects of the drug.
    a) What is the primary role of oxytocin in labor and delivery?
    b) What potential side effects should healthcare providers monitor for when administering oxytocin?
    c) How can adverse effects of oxytocin be managed to ensure patient safety?

  15. Outline five contraindications of oxytocin.
    a) Under what circumstances should oxytocin not be used during labor?
    b) How can oxytocin be safely administered in patients with specific medical conditions?
    c) What alternatives to oxytocin are available for managing labor complications?

  16. Describe ten nursing considerations while administering oxytocin.
    a) How should a nurse monitor maternal and fetal well-being during oxytocin administration?
    b) What are the key signs that the nurse should watch for in cases of oxytocin overdose?
    c) How can nurses educate patients and families about the purpose and potential risks of oxytocin during labor?

  17. Define narcotic drugs and state the types of narcotics.
    a) How do narcotic drugs work to relieve pain, and what are the types of narcotics commonly used in clinical practice?
    b) What is the difference between opioid narcotics and other types of narcotics, such as those used in anesthesia?

  18. List seven nursing considerations before, during, and after administering narcotics on the ward.
    a) What assessments should nurses perform before administering narcotics to a patient?
    b) How should narcotics be monitored during administration to prevent side effects or complications?
    c) What actions should be taken if a patient experiences an adverse reaction to narcotic medication?

  19. What are the legal implications of narcotics according to the Uganda Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Control Act?
    a) How does the law regulate the prescription, dispensing, and use of narcotics in medical settings?
    b) What legal consequences can arise from the illegal use or mismanagement of narcotic drugs?
    c) How does the regulation of narcotics ensure patient safety and prevent misuse or abuse?

  20. Define immunity and explain the two major types of immunity.
    a) What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
    b) How do vaccines stimulate adaptive immunity to protect against infectious diseases?
    c) How does the immune system remember pathogens after an initial exposure?

  21. State the specific side effects, indication, and the dosage of the following drugs:
    i) Anti-D (Rho) Immunoglobulin
    ii) Rabies vaccine
    iii) Pneumococcal vaccine
    a) What are the therapeutic indications for these immunological agents?
    b) What adverse effects should be monitored after administering each of these vaccines?
    c) How are the dosages of these immunological agents determined based on patient age or clinical condition?

  22. Describe the physiology of erection in males.
    a) What are the physiological mechanisms involved in achieving an erection?
    b) How do factors like nitric oxide and cyclic GMP contribute to erectile function?
    c) What role do hormones such as testosterone play in male sexual function?

  23. State the causes of erectile dysfunction.
    a) What medical conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, contribute to erectile dysfunction?
    b) How do psychological factors like stress and anxiety affect erectile function?
    c) What role does lifestyle, including smoking and alcohol use, play in the development of erectile dysfunction?

  24. Mention the class, indication, dosage, and side effects of the following drugs:
    i) Sildenafil
    ii) Tadalafil
    iii) Finasteride
    a) How do sildenafil and tadalafil differ in their mechanism of action and therapeutic use?
    b) What potential side effects should patients be aware of when using these medications?
    c) How does finasteride work in treating conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia and male pattern baldness?

  25. Describe the classification of antibiotics and their mechanism of action.
    a) How do bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics differ in their effect on bacteria?
    b) Can you provide examples of antibiotics in each class, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines?
    c) What role do broad-spectrum vs. narrow-spectrum antibiotics play in infection treatment?

  26. What are the factors that influence drug metabolism in the liver?
    a) How do genetic factors such as polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 enzymes impact drug metabolism?
    b) What are the effects of liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis or hepatitis) on drug metabolism?
    c) How do environmental factors, such as diet or alcohol consumption, influence drug metabolism?

  27. Describe the concept of pharmacokinetics and its four main processes.
    a) Explain how absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion contribute to a drug’s journey through the body.
    b) How do factors like age, body weight, and renal function affect these pharmacokinetic processes?
    c) Why is it important for clinicians to understand pharmacokinetics when prescribing medications?

  28. What is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and when is it necessary?
    a) Why is TDM particularly important for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as digoxin or lithium?
    b) What factors determine the timing and frequency of drug level testing in patients?
    c) How can therapeutic drug monitoring help prevent adverse drug reactions?

  29. Explain the concept of drug-drug interactions and their clinical significance.
    a) What are the mechanisms through which one drug may enhance or inhibit the action of another?
    b) Provide examples of common drug-drug interactions, such as warfarin and aspirin or calcium channel blockers and grapefruit.
    c) How do drug-drug interactions affect drug efficacy and toxicity?

  30. Discuss the types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
    a) What is the difference between type A (predictable) and type B (idiosyncratic) ADRs?
    b) How can clinicians identify, classify, and manage ADRs in patients?
    c) Can you give examples of severe ADRs, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or anaphylaxis, and discuss their management?

  31. Define the term ‘bioavailability’ and its importance in drug therapy.
    a) How does the bioavailability of a drug influence its dose and route of administration?
    b) What factors can alter the bioavailability of a drug, such as first-pass metabolism or drug formulation?
    c) Why is bioavailability particularly important when administering oral medications?

  32. Describe the role of the blood-brain barrier in drug distribution.
    a) How does the blood-brain barrier affect the ability of certain drugs to enter the central nervous system?
    b) Which types of drugs are more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier, and why?
    c) How do certain conditions like meningitis or brain injury affect the blood-brain barrier’s permeability?

  33. Explain the concept of drug tolerance and how it develops over time.
    a) How does the body adapt to prolonged drug exposure, leading to tolerance?
    b) Provide examples of drugs where tolerance commonly develops, such as opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.
    c) What are the clinical implications of drug tolerance, and how can it be managed?

  34. What are the different types of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and when is it indicated?
    a) How does estrogen replacement therapy differ from combined estrogen and progesterone therapy in managing menopause symptoms?
    b) What are the risks and benefits of HRT in postmenopausal women?
    c) Can HRT be used in men, and if so, in what clinical scenarios?

  35. Discuss the role of vaccines in disease prevention and the types of vaccines available.
    a) What are the differences between live attenuated, inactivated, and subunit vaccines?
    b) How do vaccines stimulate the immune system to create immunity against infectious diseases?
    c) Can you provide examples of vaccines used for diseases like influenza, tuberculosis, and human papillomavirus?

  36. Describe the pharmacology of antipsychotic drugs.
    a) What is the mechanism of action of typical (first-generation) vs. atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics?
    b) How do antipsychotic drugs help manage conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?
    c) What are the common side effects associated with antipsychotics, and how can they be managed?

  37. What is the role of diuretics in managing hypertension and heart failure?
    a) How do thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics differ in their mechanisms of action?
    b) What are the key side effects and monitoring requirements for patients on diuretics?
    c) How do diuretics help reduce symptoms in patients with heart failure or edema?

  38. Explain the concept of ‘drug addiction’ and its physiological basis.
    a) What changes occur in the brain’s reward system during drug addiction?
    b) How do substances like cocaine, opioids, and alcohol affect neurotransmitter systems like dopamine and serotonin?
    c) What are the clinical approaches to managing drug addiction and withdrawal symptoms?

  39. Describe the mechanism of action and clinical uses of corticosteroids.
    a) How do corticosteroids like prednisone suppress inflammation and modulate immune responses?
    b) In what conditions are corticosteroids commonly used, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune diseases?
    c) What are the long-term side effects of corticosteroid use, and how can they be minimized?

  40. Discuss the mechanism of action and therapeutic applications of anticoagulants.
    a) What is the mechanism of action of drugs like heparin, warfarin, and newer anticoagulants (e.g., rivaroxaban)?
    b) How are these anticoagulants used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders?
    c) What monitoring parameters are necessary for patients receiving anticoagulants, and why?

  41. Explain the concept of ‘drug resistance’ and how it affects treatment strategies.
    a) How does drug resistance develop in pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi?
    b) What are the clinical consequences of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and how can it be managed?
    c) What strategies are being used to combat drug resistance in infectious diseases?

  42. Describe the pharmacological management of diabetes mellitus.
    a) How do insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides work to control blood glucose levels?
    b) What are the indications and potential side effects of these diabetes medications?
    c) How is diabetes management tailored to individual patients based on their type of diabetes and comorbid conditions?

  43.  
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  1. Breast Cancer a) What are the key signs and symptoms to watch for in early breast cancer detection?
    b) Post-operatively, what specific care and support should a woman receive after a mastectomy to ensure proper healing and emotional well-being?
    c) Can you list common complications that can arise after a mastectomy, and how would you manage them?

  2. Vaginal Fistula (VVF) a) Could you draw a diagram showing where the most common sites of vaginal fistula may occur?
    b) What are the five major causes of vaginal fistula, and how do these factors contribute to its development?
    c) After a woman undergoes a vaginal fistula repair, what are the specific nursing interventions and care measures that should be followed for optimal recovery?

  3. Abortion a) Can you define and differentiate the types of abortion, including spontaneous and induced abortions?
    b) What are the possible causes that lead to a missed abortion, and how do they affect the pregnancy?
    c) Describe the different methods used in managing a missed abortion, including medical and surgical options.
    d) What are the five key components of post-abortion care (PAC), and why are they important for the woman’s health and recovery?

  4. Ectopic Pregnancy a) What exactly is an ectopic pregnancy, and what makes it a life-threatening condition if not properly managed?
    b) What are the early signs and symptoms that may indicate a tubal ectopic pregnancy, and how would you differentiate it from a normal pregnancy?
    c) If a woman presents with a tubal pregnancy, what immediate management steps should be taken in the hospital, and what follow-up care should be ensured until discharge?

  5. Menstrual Disorders a) What are some of the common disorders of menstruation, and how do they affect a woman’s reproductive health?
    b) For a 17-year-old girl experiencing painful periods (dysmenorrhea), what advice and treatment would you recommend to alleviate her symptoms and ensure her overall health?

  6. Hydatidiform Mole (Molar Pregnancy) a) How would you define a hydatidiform mole, and what makes it different from a normal pregnancy?
    b) What are the key signs and symptoms that suggest the presence of a hydatidiform mole, and why is early detection important?
    c) What are the management strategies for treating a hydatidiform mole, and what potential complications should be monitored post-treatment?

  7. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) a) Could you describe what pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is, and how does it affect a woman’s reproductive organs?
    b) What predisposing factors make a woman more susceptible to developing PID, and how can these be mitigated?
    c) What would be the standard management of PID in a hospital setting, and what are the potential risks if not treated appropriately?

  8. Infertility a) How would you define infertility, and what are the criteria for diagnosing this condition in a couple?
    b) What are some of the common causes of infertility in both men and women, and how do these factors impact fertility?
    c) Can you explain the various methods and treatments available for managing infertility, including lifestyle changes, medications, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART)?

  9. Fibroids (Uterine Leiomyomas) a) Can you draw a diagram of the uterus highlighting the common sites where fibroids are found?
    b) How would you differentiate between benign tumors, such as fibroids, and malignant tumors in the uterus?
    c) After a woman undergoes myomectomy (fibroid removal), what are the post-operative care measures to be followed in the first 48 hours to ensure proper recovery?
    d) On discharge, what specific advice would you give a woman who has undergone a myomectomy regarding lifestyle, diet, and future monitoring?

  10. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
    a) How would you define polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and what are the common signs and symptoms?
    b) What are the primary causes of PCOS, and how does it affect a woman’s fertility and overall health?
    c) What are the treatment options for managing PCOS, and how can lifestyle modifications play a role in improving symptoms?

  11. Menopause
    a) What are the physiological changes that occur in a woman’s body during menopause?
    b) What are some common symptoms that women experience during menopause, and how can they be managed effectively?
    c) What long-term health risks should women be aware of post-menopause, and how can these be prevented or managed?

  12. Cervical Cancer
    a) How is cervical cancer diagnosed, and what screening methods are used to detect it early?
    b) What are the primary risk factors for cervical cancer, and how can these risks be minimized?
    c) Describe the treatment options for cervical cancer, and how do the management strategies differ based on the stage of cancer?

  13. Endometriosis
    a) What is endometriosis, and how does it impact a woman’s reproductive health?
    b) What are the common symptoms of endometriosis, and how can they affect a woman’s daily life?
    c) What are the available treatment options for endometriosis, and how do they help manage pain and fertility concerns?

  14. Gestational Diabetes
    a) How would you define gestational diabetes, and what are the potential risks for both the mother and the baby?
    b) What are the common symptoms of gestational diabetes, and how is it diagnosed?
    c) Describe the management strategies for gestational diabetes, including lifestyle modifications and medical interventions.

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1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

a) Define sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and list common examples.
b) Explain ten preventive measures against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
c) Describe the syndromic management of STDs, including the steps for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care.
d) Discuss the role of education in preventing STDs.
e) How do STDs affect fertility in both men and women?

2. Components of Reproductive Health

a) List and describe 7 key components of reproductive health.
b) Outline the advantages and disadvantages of integrating reproductive health services into primary healthcare.
c) Outline 10 factors that affect women’s reproductive health, such as cultural beliefs, access to healthcare, education, and socioeconomic status.
d) Explain the role of men in reproductive health and gender equality.
e) Discuss the importance of sexual health education in promoting reproductive health.

3. Sexual Abuse

a) Define sexual abuse and discuss its long-term effects on the health of the victim.
b) Explain the factors that expose adolescents to sexual abuse or vulnerability.
c) Outline 5 clinical features of sexual abuse in adolescents, such as physical injuries, emotional trauma, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
d) How can healthcare providers support victims of sexual abuse in the aftermath?
e) Discuss the role of mental health professionals in the recovery of sexual abuse survivors.

4. Post Abortion Care

a) i) Define Post Abortion Care (PAC).
**ii) Define Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC).
b) Explain the rationale for PAC and its importance in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality.
c) Describe the key components of PAC, including counseling, post-abortion family planning, and emotional support.
d) Discuss the ethical considerations surrounding abortion and post-abortion care.
e) How does PAC address the physical and psychological needs of women after an abortion?

5. Adolescent Reproductive Health

a) Who is considered an adolescent, and why is this stage critical for reproductive health education?
b) Describe Tanner’s stages of development in an adolescent and how they relate to physical and sexual maturation.
c) List common health problems faced by adolescents, such as early pregnancy, STIs, mental health issues, and substance abuse.
d) Discuss the role of parents and guardians in promoting healthy reproductive health behaviors in adolescents.
e) What interventions can schools implement to promote adolescent reproductive health?

6. Safe Motherhood

a) What is safe motherhood, and why is it essential for reducing maternal mortality?
b) Outline the 3 delays that can increase maternal mortality, including delays in seeking care, reaching appropriate care, and receiving adequate care.
c) What is your role as a healthcare professional in the reduction of maternal mortality?
d) How can community-based health workers support safe motherhood practices?
e) Discuss the impact of education and awareness programs on maternal health outcomes.

7. Syndromic Approach for Managing STIs

a) Describe the syndromic approach for managing sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
b) Discuss how syndromic management helps in the diagnosis and treatment of STIs in resource-limited settings.
c) Explain the steps involved in the syndromic management of STIs, including identifying symptoms, providing treatment, and ensuring follow-up care.
d) What challenges might healthcare providers face when implementing syndromic management of STIs?
e) How can healthcare systems improve access to syndromic STI management?

8. Domestic Violence

a) Define domestic violence and explain how it affects reproductive health and overall well-being.
b) What are the factors that make you suspect someone is a victim of domestic violence? List physical, emotional, and behavioral indicators.
c) How would you prevent domestic violence in your community, including raising awareness, providing support services, and advocating for legal protections?
d) Discuss the role of healthcare professionals in identifying and responding to cases of domestic violence.
e) How can community-based organizations support victims of domestic violence?

9. Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA)

a) Describe manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) as a procedure for managing incomplete abortion or miscarriage.
b) Explain the indications for performing MVA, including its use in post-abortion care or early pregnancy loss.
c) Discuss the steps involved in performing MVA, including preparation, the technique, and aftercare for the patient.
d) What are the potential complications of manual vacuum aspiration?
e) Discuss the role of informed consent in the MVA procedure.

10. Contraceptive Methods

a) List and describe various contraceptive methods available for women and men.
b) Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives.
c) What factors should be considered when advising a woman or man on the most suitable contraceptive method?
d) Explain the role of emergency contraception in preventing unintended pregnancies.
e) Discuss the challenges faced by individuals in accessing and using contraceptive methods effectively.

11. Infertility and Treatment

a) Define infertility and explain the common causes in both men and women.
b) Discuss the emotional and psychological impact of infertility on individuals and couples.
c) List and explain common treatments available for infertility, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), fertility drugs, and surgical interventions.
d) What are the ethical considerations involved in infertility treatment?
e) Explain how lifestyle factors, such as diet and stress, can influence fertility.

12. Sexual Health Education

a) What is sexual health education, and why is it important for young people?
b) Discuss the key components of a comprehensive sexual health education program.
c) How can schools and communities collaborate to provide effective sexual health education to adolescents?
d) Explain the role of parents and caregivers in providing sexual health education at home.
e) How can sexual health education contribute to the prevention of STIs, unwanted pregnancies, and sexual violence?

13. HIV/AIDS

a) Define HIV/AIDS and explain the difference between HIV and AIDS.
b) Discuss the modes of transmission of HIV and preventive measures.
c) List the stages of HIV infection and describe the symptoms at each stage.
d) Explain the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in managing HIV infection.
e) Discuss the psychological and social impact of living with HIV/AIDS.

14. Family Planning

a) What is family planning, and why is it essential for reproductive health?
b) Discuss the different types of family planning methods available and how they work.
c) Explain the role of healthcare providers in advising patients on family planning choices.
d) How can misinformation about family planning be addressed in communities?
e) Discuss the challenges that women in rural areas face in accessing family planning services.

15. Menstrual Health

a) Define menstrual health and explain why it is an important part of reproductive health.
b) Discuss common menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and menorrhagia.
c) Explain how menstrual health can impact an adolescent’s physical and emotional well-being.
d) How can healthcare providers support women and girls in managing menstrual health?
e) Discuss the role of menstrual hygiene in preventing infections and promoting reproductive health.

16. Reproductive Cancers

a) Define reproductive cancers and list the common types in both men and women (e.g., cervical, ovarian, prostate).
b) Discuss the risk factors and preventive measures for cervical cancer.
c) Explain the symptoms of prostate cancer and how early detection can impact outcomes.
d) What is the role of regular screening in the early detection of reproductive cancers?
e) Discuss how reproductive cancers can affect an individual’s fertility and reproductive health.

17. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

a) Define female genital mutilation (FGM) and explain the different types of FGM.
b) Discuss the cultural, religious, and social factors that perpetuate the practice of FGM.
c) What are the immediate and long-term health consequences of FGM for women and girls?
d) How can healthcare providers support the psychological and physical recovery of FGM survivors?
e) Discuss global efforts to eliminate FGM and raise awareness about its harmful effects.

18. Sexual and Reproductive Rights

a) Define sexual and reproductive rights and explain why they are fundamental for health and well-being.
b) Discuss how the violation of sexual and reproductive rights affects individuals and communities.
c) Explain the concept of informed consent in the context of reproductive health services.
d) What international laws and frameworks support sexual and reproductive rights?
e) How can governments and healthcare providers ensure the protection of sexual and reproductive rights for all individuals?

19. Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

a) Define gender-based violence and list the different forms of GBV (e.g., physical, emotional, sexual violence).
b) Discuss the effects of gender-based violence on reproductive health and overall well-being.
c) How can healthcare professionals identify and respond to cases of gender-based violence in patients?
d) Discuss the role of community organizations in supporting survivors of GBV.
e) Explain the importance of legal protections and advocacy in addressing gender-based violence.

20. HIV Prevention

a) Discuss the various strategies for preventing HIV transmission, such as condoms, PrEP, and safe injection practices.
b) Explain the concept of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and its effectiveness in HIV prevention.
c) How does voluntary male circumcision contribute to the prevention of HIV transmission?
d) Discuss the role of education and awareness in reducing the stigma surrounding HIV prevention methods.
e) Explain the importance of HIV testing and counseling in preventing the spread of the virus.

21. Antenatal Care

a) What is antenatal care (ANC), and why is it important for maternal and fetal health?
b) Discuss the key components of antenatal care, including screenings, immunizations, and counseling.
c) Explain the role of healthcare providers in educating pregnant women about healthy pregnancy practices.
d) What challenges do women face in accessing antenatal care, especially in remote areas?
e) Discuss the benefits of early initiation of antenatal care and regular check-ups throughout pregnancy.

22. Menopause

a) Define menopause and explain the biological changes that occur during this stage of life.
b) Discuss the physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms commonly experienced during menopause.
c) Explain the management options available to women experiencing menopause-related symptoms.
d) How can healthcare providers support women in managing menopause and maintaining overall health during this period?
e) Discuss the long-term health risks associated with menopause, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

23. Fertility Preservation

a) What is fertility preservation, and why is it important for individuals facing medical treatments or life circumstances that may affect fertility?
b) Discuss the methods of fertility preservation, including egg freezing, sperm banking, and embryo freezing.
c) Explain the ethical considerations and challenges surrounding fertility preservation.
d) How can healthcare providers counsel individuals about fertility preservation options?
e) Discuss the potential emotional and psychological impacts of fertility preservation decisions.

24. Safe Abortion Practices

a) Discuss the medical and surgical methods used for safe abortion, including the indications and risks associated with each method.
b) Explain the importance of providing safe abortion services to protect women’s health.
c) What role do healthcare providers play in ensuring that women have access to safe and legal abortion services?
d) Discuss the potential health consequences of unsafe abortions and the need for proper post-abortion care.
e) Explain how the legal status of abortion can impact access to safe abortion services.

25. Health Education on Sexuality

a) Discuss the role of sexuality education in promoting reproductive health, including the key topics it should cover.
b) How can comprehensive sexuality education be integrated into school curriculums and community programs?
c) What are the challenges in providing sexuality education to adolescents, and how can these be overcome?
d) Discuss the role of parents and caregivers in educating young people about sexuality.
e) Explain the benefits of early and accurate sexuality education in reducing unintended pregnancies and STIs.

26. Paternity and Reproductive Rights

a) Discuss the legal and ethical issues surrounding paternity testing and reproductive rights.
b) Explain the role of paternity testing in child support, custody, and inheritance rights.
c) How do reproductive rights influence decisions regarding fertility treatments, such as sperm donation and surrogacy?
d) What challenges might individuals face in asserting their reproductive rights in relation to paternity?
e) Discuss the importance of ensuring that both parents are involved in reproductive health decision-making.

27. Postpartum Care

a) Define postpartum care and explain its significance for maternal and newborn health.
b) Discuss the common physical and emotional changes women experience in the postpartum period.
c) Explain the role of healthcare providers in providing postpartum care, including counseling on breastfeeding, family planning, and mental health.
d) What are the risks and complications associated with the postpartum period, and how can they be prevented?
e) Discuss the importance of follow-up visits during the postpartum period for ensuring the health of both mother and child.

28. Reproductive Health in Older Adults

a) Discuss the reproductive health needs of older adults, including menopause in women and andropause in men.
b) Explain how healthcare providers can support older adults in maintaining sexual health and relationships.
c) What are the common reproductive health issues faced by older adults, such as erectile dysfunction, vaginal dryness, and reduced fertility?
d) Discuss the role of counseling and therapy in addressing sexual health concerns in older adults.
e) How can healthcare systems address the needs of aging populations in terms of reproductive health services?

29. Maternal and Child Health Nutrition

a) Discuss the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal health.
b) Explain the role of breastfeeding in promoting maternal and child health.
c) List the key nutrients that pregnant women need for optimal health, and explain how they can obtain them through diet.
d) Discuss the impact of malnutrition on maternal and child health outcomes, including the risks of low birth weight and developmental delays.
e) How can healthcare providers support women in making nutritious food choices during pregnancy?

30. Global Reproductive Health Policies

a) Discuss the role of international organizations in promoting global reproductive health, including the United Nations and WHO.
b) Explain the impact of global policies on reproductive health access in low- and middle-income countries.
c) Discuss the challenges in implementing reproductive health policies worldwide, such as cultural barriers and lack of resources.
d) What are the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to reproductive health?
e) How can governments ensure that reproductive health services are equitable and accessible to all individuals, regardless of gender, age, or socioeconomic status?

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Wound Care and Healing

  1. a) Differentiate between acute and chronic wounds.
    b) Discuss the role of nutrition in wound healing.
    c) Explain the importance of wound debridement.
    d) List and describe the types of debridement.

  2. a) Outline the principles of wound dressing selection.
    b) Differentiate between dry and moist wound healing.
    c) Discuss the advantages of hydrocolloid dressings.

  3. a) Describe the stages of pressure ulcers.
    b) What are the risk factors for pressure ulcers?
    c) Outline preventive strategies for pressure ulcers.

Oxygen Administration & Blood Transfusion

  1. a) What are the contraindications for oxygen therapy?
    b) List three common oxygen delivery systems.
    c) Explain the appropriate use of nasal cannula versus face mask.

  2. a) Outline the methods of oxygen delivery and their appropriate usage.
    b) Describe the nursing responsibilities in monitoring a patient on oxygen therapy.

  3. a) What is crossmatching, and why is it important before blood transfusion?
    b) Describe the steps involved in crossmatching a blood sample.

  4. a) List five signs of an adverse reaction to a blood transfusion.
    b) What immediate actions should a nurse take in case of a transfusion reaction?
    c) Explain the role of a nurse in documenting transfusion reactions.

Drug Administration & Infection Control

  1. a) Differentiate between systemic and local drug administration.
    b) Give two examples of each type.

  2. a) Outline the advantages and disadvantages of intravenous drug administration.
    b) What are the potential complications of IV therapy?

  3. a) Define the ‘Five Rights’ of medication administration.
    b) Why are these principles essential in preventing medication errors?

  4. a) What are the standard precautions in infection prevention and control?
    b) Outline the personal protective equipment (PPE) used in infection control.

  5. a) Discuss the role of hand hygiene in preventing hospital-acquired infections.
    b) Explain the steps of proper handwashing technique.

Tracheostomy & Respiratory Management

  1. a) Explain the differences between an emergency and elective tracheostomy.
    b) Give two indications for each type.

  2. a) What are the early complications of a tracheostomy?
    b) List three late complications of a tracheostomy.

  3. a) Describe the procedure for suctioning a tracheostomy tube.
    b) What precautions should a nurse take to prevent complications?

  4. a) Explain how to prevent aspiration in a patient with a tracheostomy.
    b) Describe the role of a speech therapist in managing tracheostomy patients.

  5. a) What are the psychological concerns of a patient with a permanent tracheostomy?
    b) How can a nurse provide emotional support to such a patient?

Lumber Puncture & Abdominal Paracentesis

  1. a) Differentiate between diagnostic and therapeutic lumbar puncture.
    b) What are the common indications for a lumbar puncture?

  2. a) Describe the positioning of a patient during a lumbar puncture.
    b) Explain why proper positioning is critical for a successful procedure.

  3. a) What laboratory tests are performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after a lumbar puncture?
    b) What abnormal findings in CSF indicate infection?

  4. a) What are the signs of post-lumbar puncture headache?
    b) How is this complication managed?

  5. a) Explain the contraindications for abdominal paracentesis.
    b) List three potential complications of abdominal paracentesis.

Traction & Colostomy Care

  1. a) What are the principles of traction application?
    b) Explain why maintaining proper alignment is essential in traction.

  2. a) Describe the difference between skeletal and skin traction.
    b) List two indications for each type.

  3. a) What lifestyle modifications should be advised for a patient with a colostomy?
    b) How can diet affect colostomy care?

  4. a) Explain the emotional and psychological impact of a colostomy.
    b) Describe three strategies for helping patients adapt to life with a colostomy.

  5. a) How do you assess for complications in a patient with traction?
    b) List five possible complications of traction therapy.

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Nervous System

  1. a) Describe the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system.
    b) Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
  2. a) Explain the mechanism of action potential generation and propagation in neurons.
    b) Describe the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission.
  3. a) Discuss the blood-brain barrier, including its function and importance.
    b) Explain how the blood-brain barrier can be compromised in disease states.
  4. a) Describe the major regions of the brain and their functions.
    b) Explain the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis.
  5. a) Describe the structure and functions of the cerebellum.
    b) Explain the effects of cerebellar dysfunction on motor control.
  6. a) Outline the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    b) Describe the circulation of CSF and how it is reabsorbed.
  7. a) Define reflex action and describe the reflex arc.
    b) Explain the role of the spinal cord in reflex activity.
  8. a) Describe the structure and functions of the meninges.
    b) Explain the clinical significance of meningitis.

Endocrine System

  1. a) Outline the hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.
    b) Explain the physiological effects of growth hormone.
  2. a) Describe the structure and function of the adrenal glands.
    b) Explain the physiological response to stress mediated by the adrenal medulla and cortex.
  3. a) Discuss the role of insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis.
    b) Explain how diabetes mellitus affects metabolism.
  4. a) Describe the effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on calcium homeostasis.
    b) Explain the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.
  5. a) Outline the functions of the thyroid hormones.
    b) Explain the causes and effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Cardiovascular System

  1. a) Describe the structure and function of the heart valves.
    b) Explain the electrical conduction system of the heart and its role in regulating heartbeat.
  2. a) Define blood pressure and describe how it is regulated.
    b) Explain the physiological mechanisms leading to hypertension.
  3. a) Explain how blood is returned to the heart via the venous system.
    b) Describe the function of the lymphatic system in circulation.
  4. a) Explain the process of blood clotting (coagulation).
    b) Discuss disorders associated with abnormal blood clotting.

Respiratory System

  1. a) Explain the process of gas exchange at the alveolar level.
    b) Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood.
  2. a) Explain how pH and carbon dioxide levels regulate breathing.
    b) Describe the effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on respiration.
  3. a) Describe the structure and functions of the trachea.
    b) Explain how the respiratory system defends against infections.
  4. a) Describe the mechanics of breathing, including the role of the diaphragm.
    b) Explain the effects of pneumothorax on lung function.
  5. a) Explain the control of respiration by the medulla oblongata and pons.
    b) Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide levels influence breathing rate.

Digestive System

  1. a) Describe the structure and function of the liver.
    b) Explain the role of the liver in metabolism and detoxification.
  2. a) Outline the process of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
    b) Explain the role of the pancreas in digestion.
  3. a) Describe the structure of the stomach and its role in digestion.
    b) Explain the causes and effects of peptic ulcers.
  4. a) Discuss the function of the small intestine in nutrient absorption.
    b) Explain how bile aids in fat digestion.
  5. a) Explain the role of the large intestine in water and electrolyte absorption.
    b) Describe the physiological process of defecation.

Urinary System

  1. a) Describe the structure of a nephron.
    b) Explain the processes involved in the formation of urine.
  2. a) Explain how the kidneys regulate blood pressure.
    b) Describe the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in water balance.
  3. a) Discuss the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in fluid balance.
    b) Explain the effects of kidney failure on homeostasis.
  4. a) Describe the normal composition of urine.
    b) Explain the physiological causes of abnormal constituents in urine.

Reproductive System

  1. a) Describe the structure and function of the male reproductive system.
    b) Explain the role of testosterone in male development.
  2. a) Describe the hormonal regulation of the female reproductive cycle.
    b) Explain the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy.
  3. a) Outline the process of fertilization and implantation.
    b) Describe the stages of fetal development.
  4. a) Explain the role of the placenta during pregnancy.
    b) Describe the physiological changes that occur during labor and childbirth.

Immune System

  1. a) Outline the components of the immune system and their functions.
    b) Explain the differences between innate and adaptive immunity.
  2. a) Describe the role of antibodies in immune defense.
    b) Explain how vaccines work in providing immunity.
  3. a) Explain how the body defends against viral infections.
    b) Discuss autoimmune diseases and their effects on the body.

Skeletal and Muscular System

  1. a) Describe the structure and function of skeletal muscle.
    b) Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
  2. a) Describe the structure of a long bone.
    b) Explain the process of bone remodeling and repair.
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Introduction to Palliative Care

  1. a) Define palliative care.
    b) Outline the key principles of palliative care.
    c) Explain the challenges in implementing palliative care services in Uganda.

  2. a) What is the role of palliative care in improving the quality of life for terminally ill patients?
    b) Outline the six common symptoms experienced by terminally ill patients.
    c) How does palliative care address physical and psychological needs?

  3. a) What is the significance of cultural sensitivity in palliative care?
    b) How can a nurse ensure that palliative care respects the cultural preferences of the patient and family?
    c) Discuss the role of the nurse in providing culturally competent care to patients from diverse backgrounds.

  4. a) What are the challenges faced by palliative care providers in resource-limited settings?
    b) Discuss strategies that can be implemented to overcome these challenges.
    c) How can nurses advocate for the development of palliative care services in underserved areas?

Pain Management in Palliative Care

  1. a) How does the WHO define pain?
    b) Differentiate between acute and chronic pain in the context of palliative care.
    c) Describe the steps in effective pain management for terminally ill patients.

  2. a) Describe the concept of “total pain” in palliative care.
    b) Discuss the role of the multidisciplinary team in managing pain.
    c) What are the most common side effects of opioid use in palliative care?

  3. a) Define the role of pain assessment tools in palliative care.
    b) How do nurses assess pain in non-verbal patients?
    c) Discuss the challenges in assessing pain in children receiving palliative care.

  4. a) Discuss the use of pharmacological interventions in pain management for terminally ill patients.
    b) What are the nursing interventions related to opioid use and its side effects?
    c) How can the nurse monitor and adjust opioid dosages for pain management?

Spiritual and Emotional Support

  1. a) Explain the significance of spiritual care in palliative care.
    b) Outline the HOPE approach to spiritual pain management.
    c) List the common spiritual problems experienced by terminally ill patients.

  2. a) What is grief, and how is it managed in palliative care?
    b) Discuss the five stages of grief experienced by terminally ill patients.
    c) How can nurses provide effective emotional support to grieving families?

  3. a) What is the role of music therapy in palliative care?
    b) Explain the benefits of using art and music to manage symptoms in terminally ill patients.
    c) How can creative therapies contribute to improving quality of life in end-of-life care?

End-of-Life Care and Ethical Considerations

  1. a) Define “advanced care planning” in palliative care.
    b) Explain its importance in the management of terminally ill patients.
    c) How can advanced care planning be communicated effectively to families?

  2. a) Define “bereavement” and discuss the stages of bereavement experienced by family members.
    b) Outline the role of a nurse in supporting a family during bereavement.
    c) What are the common psychological effects of grief in family caregivers?

  3. a) Define the process of breaking bad news in a palliative care setting.
    b) List the key principles for delivering bad news in a compassionate manner.
    c) Explain the importance of communication skills in palliative care.

  4. a) Discuss the ethical considerations in palliative care when dealing with a patient’s right to refuse treatment.
    b) Explain how informed consent is obtained in palliative care.
    c) What ethical dilemmas can arise when treating terminally ill patients in palliative care?

Symptom Management and Clinical Interventions

  1. a) Describe the management of dyspnea in palliative care.
    b) What pharmacological treatments can be used to alleviate shortness of breath?
    c) How can non-pharmacological interventions support patients with dyspnea?

  2. a) Define “psychological pain” and explain how it can be managed in palliative care.
    b) Discuss the role of psychological support in improving the quality of life for terminally ill patients.
    c) How can nurses support the emotional well-being of patients and their families?

  3. a) What is the significance of nutrition in palliative care?
    b) Discuss the nutritional needs of terminally ill patients.
    c) What are the challenges in managing nutrition in patients with cancer and other chronic illnesses?

  4. a) Describe the common signs and symptoms that indicate a patient is approaching the end of life.
    b) How should a nurse manage these symptoms to ensure comfort and dignity?
    c) What specific interventions can be used to address nausea and vomiting in end-of-life care?

  5. a) What are the nursing interventions for managing constipation in terminally ill patients?
    b) Discuss the use of laxatives and other non-pharmacological measures in the management of constipation.
    c) Why is constipation a common problem in palliative care?

  6. a) What is “hospice care,” and how does it differ from other forms of palliative care?
    b) Discuss the benefits of hospice care for terminally ill patients.
    c) What is the role of the nurse in providing hospice care in the home setting?

  7. a) Define “terminal illness” and explain how palliative care supports patients in this phase of life.
    b) What are the goals of care for a patient with a terminal illness in palliative care?
    c) How do you assess whether a patient is appropriate for palliative care?

Palliative Sedation and End-of-Life Decision Making

  1. a) What is “palliative sedation” and when is it used in palliative care?
    b) Discuss the ethical considerations involved in the use of palliative sedation.
    c) How does palliative sedation contribute to end-of-life care?

  2. a) What is the nurse’s role in assisting patients with decision-making about end-of-life care?
    b) Discuss the ethical considerations in end-of-life decision-making.
    c) How can nurses facilitate conversations about death and dying with patients and their families?

Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Advocacy

  1. a) Discuss the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in palliative care.
    b) How does teamwork contribute to the holistic care of terminally ill patients?
    c) What roles do physicians, nurses, social workers, and chaplains play in palliative care teams?

  2. a) What is the purpose of respite care in palliative care?
    b) Explain how respite care benefits both patients and caregivers.
    c) Discuss the challenges caregivers face when providing care to terminally ill family members.

  3. a) What is the role of pain management in the overall approach to palliative care?
    b) How can palliative care nurses tailor pain management to individual patients’ needs?
    c) What strategies can nurses use to involve patients and families in pain management decisions?

Managing Agitation, Delirium, and Advanced Symptom Control

  1. a) Describe the signs and symptoms of agitation and confusion in terminally ill patients.
    b) Discuss the pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to managing agitation in palliative care.
    c) What are the common causes of delirium in palliative care patients?

  2. a) Define “symptom management” in palliative care.
    b) Explain the role of symptom management in improving the patient’s quality of life.
    c) Discuss the key symptoms that require management in palliative care.

  3. a) Discuss the role of non-pharmacological interventions in providing holistic care in palliative care settings.
    b) What strategies can nurses implement to manage symptoms without relying heavily on medication?
    c) How can nurses support patients’ emotional and psychological needs through non-medical approaches?

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1. General Nursing Practice and Health Systems

  1. a) Define the term “nursing” and explain its scope of practice.
    b) Discuss the key roles of a nurse in the Ugandan healthcare system.
    c) Identify and explain the different levels of nursing education in Uganda.

  2. a) Discuss the health challenges facing Uganda today.
    b) How can nurses contribute to addressing these challenges?
    c) Explain the importance of community health in Uganda’s healthcare delivery.

  3. a) What are the duties of a nurse in the prevention and control of infections?
    b) Explain the significance of universal precautions in infection control.
    c) What measures can be taken to reduce hospital-acquired infections in Uganda?

  4. a) Discuss the nursing process and its importance in patient care.
    b) Describe the steps involved in the nursing process.
    c) How can nurses ensure accurate documentation during the nursing process?

  5. a) Define evidence-based practice in nursing.
    b) How does evidence-based practice improve patient outcomes?
    c) Provide examples of evidence-based practices that have been implemented in Ugandan healthcare.

  6. a) Explain the concept of primary health care.
    b) How does primary health care align with Uganda’s health policies?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in delivering primary healthcare services.

  7. a) What are the ethical principles that guide nursing practice in Uganda?
    b) Discuss how nurses in Uganda can maintain patient confidentiality and privacy.
    c) Explain the importance of cultural competence in nursing care in Uganda.

2. Medical-Surgical Nursing

  1. a) Define the term “chronic illness” and provide examples of common chronic illnesses in Uganda.
    b) What are the nursing interventions for managing a patient with hypertension?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in educating patients on managing chronic illnesses.

  2. a) Explain the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
    b) Discuss the nursing management of a diabetic patient in a Ugandan healthcare setting.
    c) What are the complications of diabetes that nurses should monitor?

  3. a) What are the signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction (MI)?
    b) Describe the nursing interventions for a patient experiencing an MI.
    c) Discuss the importance of early detection and treatment of MI in Uganda.

  4. a) Define sepsis and its stages.
    b) What are the signs and symptoms of sepsis in adults?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in preventing and managing sepsis in Ugandan hospitals.

  5. a) Explain the nursing management of a postoperative patient.
    b) What are the common complications following surgery in Ugandan hospitals?
    c) How can nurses promote recovery and prevent complications in postoperative care?

  6. a) Discuss the pathophysiology and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB).
    b) What nursing interventions are crucial in the management of TB patients in Uganda?
    c) Explain the importance of patient adherence to TB treatment.

  7. a) Define and describe the nursing interventions for patients with acute asthma attacks.
    b) What are the risk factors for asthma in Ugandan children?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in educating parents on asthma management.

3. Maternal and Child Health Nursing

  1. a) Define obstetric emergencies and give examples of common obstetric emergencies in Uganda.
    b) What is the role of a nurse in managing a postpartum hemorrhage?
    c) Discuss the significance of early referral for obstetric emergencies.

  2. a) Discuss the importance of antenatal care (ANC) for pregnant women in Uganda.
    b) What key services should be provided during ANC visits?
    c) Explain the role of nurses in educating pregnant women about nutrition and prenatal care.

  3. a) Define preeclampsia and explain the nursing management of a patient with this condition.
    b) Discuss the importance of blood pressure monitoring during pregnancy.
    c) What are the signs that indicate a pregnant woman might be at risk for preeclampsia?

  4. a) Discuss the key aspects of the neonatal assessment in a delivery setting.
    b) How does the Apgar score help in assessing the newborn?
    c) What interventions should a nurse provide to a newborn immediately after birth?

  5. a) Describe the common causes of maternal mortality in Uganda.
    b) What nursing interventions can reduce maternal mortality rates in Uganda?
    c) How can nurses advocate for improved maternal healthcare services in Uganda?

  6. a) Discuss the importance of immunization in child health in Uganda.
    b) What are the common vaccines administered to children in Uganda?
    c) How can nurses improve vaccine uptake among children in rural Ugandan communities?

  7. a) Define neonatal jaundice and explain its management in the neonatal period.
    b) What are the causes of jaundice in newborns?
    c) Describe the role of nurses in monitoring and managing jaundice in infants.

  8. a) Explain the significance of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life.
    b) How can nurses support mothers in exclusive breastfeeding practices?
    c) What are the challenges to exclusive breastfeeding in Ugandan communities?

4. Mental Health Nursing

  1. a) Define mental health and explain its importance to overall health.
    b) Discuss the common mental health disorders prevalent in Uganda.
    c) What are the nursing interventions for a patient with depression?

  2. a) What is schizophrenia, and what are the key nursing interventions for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia?
    b) How can nurses help manage the side effects of antipsychotic medications?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in the rehabilitation of individuals with chronic mental illness in Uganda.

  3. a) Define substance abuse disorder and discuss its impact on Ugandan society.
    b) What are the common withdrawal symptoms in patients with substance abuse?
    c) Discuss the nursing care plan for a patient undergoing detoxification in Uganda.

  4. a) Explain the concept of therapeutic communication in mental health nursing.
    b) What are the key communication techniques used in nursing practice?
    c) Discuss the importance of building trust with mental health patients.

  5. a) Define suicide and identify the risk factors for suicide in Ugandan adolescents.
    b) What are the warning signs that a person may be considering suicide?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in suicide prevention in Uganda.

  6. a) Discuss the role of the nurse in the management of a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
    b) What interventions can nurses implement to support PTSD patients in Uganda?
    c) How can nurses promote awareness of PTSD in Ugandan communities?

5. Pediatric Nursing

  1. a) Define pediatric nursing and discuss the unique needs of children in healthcare settings.
    b) What are the key considerations when providing care to children under five years of age?
    c) How does a nurse assess growth and development in infants?

  2. a) Explain the process of assessing pain in pediatric patients.
    b) What pain management strategies are most effective for children in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in educating parents about managing pain at home for children.

  3. a) What are the common childhood infections in Uganda?
    b) Discuss the role of nurses in preventing and managing these infections.
    c) Explain the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of infections in children.

  4. a) Define pediatric dehydration and describe the nursing interventions for managing a child with dehydration.
    b) What are the signs and symptoms of severe dehydration in children?
    c) How can nurses educate parents on preventing dehydration in their children?

  5. a) Discuss the role of immunization in preventing childhood diseases in Uganda.
    b) What are the common childhood vaccines administered in Uganda?
    c) How can nurses improve immunization coverage in rural Uganda?

6. Community Health Nursing

  1. a) Define community health nursing and explain its objectives in Uganda.
    b) Discuss the role of nurses in the delivery of healthcare services in rural Ugandan communities.
    c) How do nurses contribute to health education in the community?

  2. a) Explain the role of nurses in promoting sanitation and hygiene in Ugandan communities.
    b) What are the common sanitation-related diseases in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the importance of community health nursing in preventing outbreaks of waterborne diseases.

  3. a) Define health promotion and discuss its importance in nursing practice.
    b) How can nurses promote health education in Uganda’s rural areas?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in addressing non-communicable diseases in Ugandan communities.

  4. a) Define the term “communicable diseases” and give examples of common communicable diseases in Uganda.
    b) What are the measures nurses can take to control the spread of communicable diseases in Uganda?
    c) How does the Ugandan government address the burden of communicable diseases?

7. Pharmacology and Medication Administration

  1. a) What is pharmacology, and why is it essential for nurses to understand it?
    b) Discuss the different types of medication administration routes.
    c) How do nurses ensure the safe administration of medications in clinical settings?

  2. a) Explain the concept of drug interactions and their significance in nursing care.
    b) What are the signs of adverse drug reactions in patients?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in preventing and managing medication errors.

  3. a) Define the term “medication reconciliation” and explain its importance in patient care.
    b) How do nurses perform medication reconciliation in Ugandan hospitals?
    c) Discuss the challenges faced in ensuring accurate medication reconciliation in resource-limited settings.

. Nursing Leadership and Management (Continued)

  1. a) Define nursing leadership and discuss its importance in healthcare settings.
    b) How does leadership impact the delivery of quality nursing care in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of a nurse leader in managing a multidisciplinary healthcare team.

  2. a) Explain the concept of nursing management and its significance in Ugandan hospitals.
    b) How can nurses improve teamwork and communication within healthcare teams?
    c) Discuss strategies for managing workload and preventing burnout in nursing teams.

  3. a) Define the term “nurse-patient relationship” and explain its importance.
    b) How can a nurse build trust with patients in a clinical setting?
    c) What communication skills are essential for managing patient care in Uganda?

  4. a) What are the different styles of leadership in nursing?
    b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership in nursing practice.
    c) How can leadership training benefit nurses in Uganda?

  5. a) Define conflict management and discuss its role in nursing practice.
    b) How can nurses manage conflict effectively within a healthcare team?
    c) Discuss the impact of unresolved conflict on patient care and nursing morale.

9. Clinical Skills and Nursing Procedures

  1. a) Describe the steps involved in performing a sterile dressing change.
    b) What are the potential complications if aseptic technique is not followed?
    c) Discuss the nursing responsibilities in wound care management.

  2. a) Define intravenous (IV) therapy and explain the steps involved in initiating IV access.
    b) What are the common complications associated with IV therapy?
    c) Discuss the nurse’s role in monitoring patients receiving IV therapy.

  3. a) Describe the procedure for measuring blood pressure and explain its importance in patient assessment.
    b) What factors can affect blood pressure readings in a clinical setting?
    c) How should a nurse respond to abnormal blood pressure readings?

  4. a) Define catheterization and discuss the indications for urinary catheter insertion.
    b) Explain the procedure for inserting a Foley catheter in a female patient.
    c) What are the potential risks and complications associated with catheterization?

  5. a) Explain the procedure for administering an intramuscular (IM) injection.
    b) Discuss the steps to ensure proper technique and avoid complications.
    c) What are the potential side effects of common IM injections?

  6. a) Discuss the process of taking vital signs and explain the significance of each measurement.
    b) How can vital signs indicate the early detection of patient deterioration?
    c) Explain the role of a nurse in interpreting and acting on abnormal vital signs.

  7. a) Define patient positioning and describe the importance of proper body alignment.
    b) What are the risks of poor patient positioning in hospitalized patients?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in preventing pressure ulcers through effective positioning.

10. Emergency Nursing and Trauma Care

  1. a) Define triage and explain its importance in emergency nursing.
    b) What are the different categories in the triage system?
    c) How should nurses prioritize care for patients in emergency situations in Uganda?

  2. a) What are the signs of shock and the nursing interventions for managing a patient in shock?
    b) Explain the different types of shock and their implications for treatment.
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in early identification and management of shock in Ugandan hospitals.

  3. a) Describe the nursing management of a trauma patient with a suspected head injury.
    b) What steps should nurses take to stabilize a patient with a head injury?
    c) Discuss the potential long-term effects of head injuries and the role of nurses in rehabilitation.

  4. a) Define cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and explain the steps involved in performing CPR on an adult.
    b) What are the common mistakes to avoid when performing CPR?
    c) How can nurses improve CPR outcomes in Ugandan healthcare settings?

  5. a) Describe the nursing care for a patient with severe burns.
    b) What are the stages of burn injury and how should each be managed?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in preventing infection and promoting wound healing in burn patients.

  6. a) Define anaphylaxis and discuss the nursing interventions for managing a patient with anaphylactic shock.
    b) What are the common causes of anaphylaxis in Uganda?
    c) How should nurses manage and educate patients on preventing future anaphylactic reactions?

11. Nutrition and Dietetics in Nursing

  1. a) Define the role of nutrition in patient care and explain its importance in healing.
    b) How can a nurse assess a patient’s nutritional status?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in educating patients on proper nutrition for chronic disease management.

  2. a) What is enteral feeding and when is it indicated for a patient?
    b) Discuss the procedure for administering a nasogastric (NG) tube feeding.
    c) What are the complications associated with enteral feeding, and how can they be prevented?

  3. a) Define parenteral nutrition and discuss its indications in critically ill patients.
    b) What are the different types of parenteral nutrition, and when should each be used?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in monitoring and managing patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

  4. a) Describe the nursing interventions for a patient with malnutrition.
    b) What are the signs of malnutrition in both adults and children?
    c) How can nurses educate communities in Uganda on the importance of nutrition?

12. Pediatric and Adolescent Health Nursing

  1. a) Define the term “pediatric nursing” and explain the importance of family-centered care.
    b) Discuss the nurse’s role in the prevention of common childhood diseases in Uganda.
    c) What are the common challenges pediatric nurses face in rural Ugandan settings?

  2. a) Discuss the growth and development milestones for children under five years.
    b) How should nurses assess and promote proper growth and development?
    c) What role does immunization play in pediatric nursing?

  3. a) Describe the common respiratory infections in Ugandan children.
    b) Discuss the nursing interventions for managing pediatric respiratory infections.
    c) How can nurses educate caregivers on recognizing and preventing respiratory infections?

  4. a) What are the signs and symptoms of malaria in children, and how should it be managed?
    b) Discuss the nursing care plan for a child diagnosed with malaria.
    c) How can nurses contribute to malaria prevention in Uganda’s rural areas?

  5. a) Discuss the importance of mental health care for adolescents in Uganda.
    b) What are the common mental health disorders in Ugandan adolescents?
    c) How can nurses provide support and interventions for adolescents with mental health issues?

  6. a) Explain the concept of pediatric dehydration and its impact on child health.
    b) What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration in children?
    c) Discuss the nursing interventions for rehydration in pediatric patients.

13. Public Health and Nursing Education

  1. a) Define public health nursing and describe the role of nurses in public health initiatives.
    b) Discuss how nurses contribute to preventing the spread of infectious diseases in Ugandan communities.
    c) What strategies can nurses use to promote health education and improve health literacy in Uganda?

  2. a) What are the key components of the Healthy Uganda initiative?
    b) How can nurses support community health workers in implementing health promotion programs?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in ensuring access to healthcare for marginalized communities in Uganda.

  3. a) Explain the importance of continuous professional development (CPD) for nurses in Uganda.
    b) How can nurses access training opportunities for professional growth?
    c) Discuss the challenges faced by nurses in accessing CPD programs in Uganda and suggest solutions.

  4. a) Discuss the role of nurses in the prevention and management of epidemics in Uganda.
    b) What are the nursing interventions during an Ebola outbreak?
    c) How can nurses collaborate with the government and health organizations to improve emergency preparedness?

  5. a) Define health promotion and discuss its impact on nursing practice.
    b) What are the strategies nurses can employ to promote health in Uganda’s rural communities?
    c) How can nurses address the social determinants of health in Uganda?

14. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Nursing

  1. a) Discuss the ethical principles that guide nursing practice in Uganda.
    b) How can nurses address ethical dilemmas in patient care?
    c) Explain the importance of maintaining patient confidentiality and respecting patient autonomy.

  2. a) What are the legal responsibilities of nurses in Uganda?
    b) Discuss the role of nurses in obtaining informed consent from patients.
    c) How can nurses ensure they are practicing within the boundaries of the law in Uganda?

  3. a) Define the term “professional misconduct” in nursing.
    b) Provide examples of professional misconduct in the nursing profession.
    c) Discuss the consequences of professional misconduct for nurses in Uganda.

15. Advanced Nursing Practices

  1. a) Define advanced practice nursing (APN) and explain its significance in Uganda.
    b) What are the roles of a nurse practitioner in a healthcare setting?
    c) Discuss the educational and regulatory requirements for becoming an advanced practice nurse in Uganda.

  2. a) Discuss the concept of nurse-led clinics and their benefits in Ugandan healthcare.
    b) How can nurses in Uganda contribute to reducing the burden on overcrowded hospitals through nurse-led care?
    c) What challenges do nurse practitioners face in Uganda’s healthcare system?

 

16. Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Continued)

  1. a) Define maternal health and explain its significance in nursing practice.
    b) How can nurses contribute to reducing maternal mortality in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in antenatal care and early detection of complications in pregnancy.

  2. a) Describe the common complications during childbirth and the nursing interventions required for each.
    b) How can nurses support women during labor and delivery in Uganda’s healthcare facilities?
    c) What are the signs of post-partum hemorrhage, and how should a nurse manage this condition?

  3. a) Define family planning and explain its importance in maternal health.
    b) Discuss the different methods of contraception and the nurse’s role in educating patients.
    c) How can nurses in Uganda promote family planning and address cultural barriers to its use?

  4. a) What are the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia, and how should nurses manage this condition?
    b) Discuss the nursing care for a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes.
    c) How can nurses identify and manage eclampsia during pregnancy?

  5. a) Explain the concept of newborn care and describe the role of the nurse in neonatal assessment.
    b) Discuss the steps involved in resuscitating a newborn in the delivery room.
    c) What are the common complications in newborns, and how can nurses address them?

  6. a) What are the common childhood immunizations in Uganda, and why are they important?
    b) Discuss the role of nurses in educating caregivers about immunization schedules.
    c) How can nurses support the community in improving vaccination coverage in Uganda?

17. Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing

  1. a) Define mental health nursing and explain its importance in overall patient care.
    b) What are the common mental health disorders in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in providing care for patients with mental health disorders.

  2. a) Discuss the signs and symptoms of depression and the nursing interventions required.
    b) How can nurses assess and monitor suicidal ideation in patients?
    c) What are the cultural factors in Uganda that may affect the recognition and treatment of mental health conditions?

  3. a) Define schizophrenia and explain the nursing care for a patient with this condition.
    b) What are the challenges faced by nurses in managing patients with schizophrenia in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of family members in the care of patients with schizophrenia.

  4. a) Describe the signs of anxiety disorders and the nursing interventions for managing anxiety in patients.
    b) How can nurses educate patients about coping mechanisms for managing stress and anxiety?
    c) What role do nurses play in the community-based management of mental health patients?

  5. a) Discuss the importance of psychiatric nursing assessments and how nurses can effectively assess mental health.
    b) Explain the different therapeutic communication techniques used in psychiatric nursing.
    c) How can nurses in Uganda address the stigma surrounding mental health conditions?

  6. a) Define post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and discuss the nursing care required for patients with PTSD.
    b) What are the risk factors for developing PTSD in Ugandan communities?
    c) How can nurses support the rehabilitation and reintegration of PTSD patients into society?

18. Geriatric Nursing

  1. a) Define geriatric nursing and explain its importance in the context of Uganda’s aging population.
    b) What are the common health challenges faced by the elderly in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in promoting elderly care and addressing the needs of aging patients.

  2. a) Describe the signs of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
    b) What nursing interventions are necessary to manage patients with dementia?
    c) How can nurses support the families of elderly patients with dementia?

  3. a) Discuss the role of nutrition in geriatric care.
    b) What are the common nutritional deficiencies in elderly patients, and how should nurses address them?
    c) How can nurses educate elderly patients and caregivers about maintaining a balanced diet?

  4. a) Explain the concept of polypharmacy and discuss its risks for elderly patients.
    b) What role does the nurse play in managing medications for older adults?
    c) How can nurses in Uganda ensure that elderly patients adhere to their medication regimens?

  5. a) Define geriatric depression and discuss the nursing care required for elderly patients with depression.
    b) What are the challenges of diagnosing depression in elderly individuals?
    c) How can nurses in Uganda address the mental health needs of older adults?

  6. a) Discuss the role of nurses in palliative care for elderly patients.
    b) How can nurses improve the quality of life for terminally ill elderly patients in Uganda?
    c) What are the ethical considerations in providing end-of-life care to the elderly?

19. Infection Control and Nursing

  1. a) Define infection control and explain the significance of infection control measures in healthcare settings.
    b) What are the major causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

  2. a) What are the standard precautions in infection control?
    b) How should nurses apply these precautions in clinical practice?
    c) Discuss the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the transmission of infections.

  3. a) Define the term “antibiotic resistance” and discuss its implications for nursing practice.
    b) How can nurses help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance in Uganda?
    c) What are the nursing responsibilities in managing patients with multi-drug-resistant infections?

  4. a) Discuss the nursing interventions for managing a patient with tuberculosis (TB).
    b) How can nurses promote adherence to the TB treatment regimen?
    c) What are the challenges faced by nurses in managing TB in Ugandan communities?

  5. a) Define the term “nosocomial infections” and discuss how they affect patient care.
    b) How can nurses reduce the risk of nosocomial infections in healthcare facilities?
    c) What infection control practices should be implemented to ensure the safety of patients and staff?

  6. a) Discuss the nursing care of patients with HIV/AIDS.
    b) What are the key interventions to ensure proper HIV care in Uganda?
    c) How can nurses educate communities about HIV prevention and testing?

  7. a) Describe the role of a nurse in immunization programs and disease prevention campaigns.
    b) How can nurses address vaccine hesitancy in Ugandan communities?
    c) What are the key challenges nurses face when administering vaccines in rural areas?

20. Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice

  1. a) Define nursing research and explain its significance in improving patient care.
    b) How can nurses in Uganda contribute to the advancement of nursing research?
    c) Discuss the ethical considerations in nursing research.

  2. a) What is evidence-based practice (EBP) and why is it important in nursing?
    b) How can nurses integrate EBP into their daily clinical practice?
    c) Discuss the challenges of implementing EBP in Ugandan healthcare settings.

  3. a) Describe the steps involved in conducting a nursing research study.
    b) What role do nurses play in the data collection process of nursing research?
    c) How can nurses critically evaluate research findings and apply them to improve patient care?

  4. a) Define qualitative research and quantitative research in nursing.
    b) What are the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research methodologies?
    c) How can both approaches be used to improve nursing practice in Uganda?

  5. a) What is the role of a literature review in nursing research?
    b) How should nurses conduct a thorough literature review for a research project?
    c) Discuss how literature reviews contribute to evidence-based practice.

  6. a) Explain the concept of nursing interventions and discuss their importance in patient care.
    b) What are the criteria for selecting appropriate nursing interventions?
    c) How can nurses evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions?

21. Pediatric Nursing

  1. a) Define pediatric nursing and explain its role in child healthcare.
    b) What are the main challenges faced by pediatric nurses in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the key considerations for nurses when managing a child with fever.

  2. a) Discuss the nursing care of a child with respiratory distress syndrome.
    b) What are the signs and symptoms of asthma in children, and how should a nurse manage it?
    c) How can nurses educate parents about asthma management at home?

  3. a) Explain the concept of pediatric immunization and its significance in preventing childhood diseases.
    b) What is the current immunization schedule in Uganda for children under five years of age?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in promoting vaccination and addressing vaccine hesitancy.

  4. a) Discuss the signs of dehydration in a child and how should a nurse manage it?
    b) What are the causes of dehydration in children in Uganda, and how can they be prevented?
    c) Explain the importance of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and how a nurse can educate caregivers about it.

  5. a) What are the common childhood infectious diseases in Uganda?
    b) How should a nurse manage a child with malaria?
    c) Explain the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in reducing childhood mortality.

  6. a) Define child abuse and outline the signs that a nurse should look for in cases of suspected abuse.
    b) Discuss the role of nurses in reporting and preventing child abuse.
    c) What steps should a nurse take when a case of child abuse is identified?

  7. a) What are the nursing considerations when caring for a child with a congenital heart defect?
    b) How can nurses assess a child’s cardiovascular status and monitor for complications?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in the pre-operative and post-operative care of children undergoing heart surgery.

22. Community Health Nursing

  1. a) Define community health nursing and discuss its role in public health.
    b) How can nurses address health disparities in underserved communities in Uganda?
    c) What is the role of a nurse in conducting a community health assessment?

  2. a) Discuss the concept of health promotion and the role of nurses in promoting health in communities.
    b) How can nurses in Uganda educate communities about the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?
    c) What are the barriers to health promotion in rural communities, and how can nurses overcome them?

  3. a) Explain the principles of primary healthcare and how they relate to nursing practice.
    b) How can nurses support the implementation of primary healthcare programs in Uganda?
    c) Discuss the importance of community-based health interventions.

  4. a) What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and control of communicable diseases in the community?
    b) How can nurses help control the spread of HIV in rural Ugandan communities?
    c) Discuss the role of a nurse in outbreak response, including Ebola and cholera.

  5. a) What are the key factors that influence health behaviors in Ugandan communities?
    b) How can nurses apply the Social Determinants of Health framework to improve health outcomes in Uganda?
    c) Discuss how cultural beliefs and practices can impact health and the role of nurses in cultural competency.

  6. a) What is the role of community health nursing in disaster management?
    b) How can nurses respond to natural disasters such as floods or epidemics in Uganda?
    c) What are the primary challenges nurses face in providing care during emergencies, and how can they overcome them?

  7. a) Describe the importance of mental health care in the community setting.
    b) How can nurses address mental health issues in rural Uganda?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in providing community-based palliative care for patients with chronic illnesses.

23. Surgical Nursing

  1. a) Define surgical nursing and explain its significance in patient care.
    b) Discuss the pre-operative assessment process and its importance for patient safety.
    c) How can nurses educate patients about preparation for surgery?

  2. a) What are the key responsibilities of a nurse in the operating room?
    b) Describe the role of a scrub nurse and a circulating nurse during surgery.
    c) What measures can nurses take to prevent surgical site infections?

  3. a) What are the common post-operative complications, and how can nurses prevent and manage them?
    b) Discuss the nursing interventions for a patient recovering from abdominal surgery.
    c) How can nurses monitor for signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after surgery?

  4. a) Explain the process of wound healing and the nursing care needed for patients with surgical wounds.
    b) Discuss the different types of surgical dressings and their indications.
    c) How should a nurse assess and manage a wound infection?

  5. a) What is the role of a nurse in managing post-operative pain?
    b) Discuss the pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods for pain management.
    c) How can nurses assess the effectiveness of pain relief in post-operative patients?

  6. a) Explain the concept of surgical asepsis and the importance of maintaining a sterile environment during surgery.
    b) How can nurses ensure that aseptic techniques are followed during surgical procedures?
    c) Discuss the role of nurses in educating patients about the importance of hygiene and wound care post-surgery.

24. Pharmacology and Drug Administration

  1. a) Define pharmacology and explain its importance in nursing practice.
    b) What are the basic principles of drug administration?
    c) Discuss the “Five Rights” of medication administration and how nurses can ensure patient safety.

  2. a) Describe the different routes of drug administration and their advantages and disadvantages.
    b) How can nurses ensure accurate dosage and minimize medication errors?
    c) What is the role of the nurse in patient education regarding medications?

  3. a) Explain the concept of drug interactions and how they can affect patient care.
    b) How can nurses identify and manage potential drug interactions in patients?
    c) What steps should a nurse take if a medication error occurs?

  4. a) What are the nursing considerations when administering intravenous (IV) medications?
    b) How should a nurse manage a patient receiving IV fluids and medications?
    c) Discuss the importance of monitoring patients for adverse reactions to IV medications.

  5. a) Discuss the role of nurses in the safe administration of controlled substances.
    b) What are the guidelines for administering opioids to patients in pain?
    c) How can nurses prevent drug abuse and diversion in healthcare settings?

  6. a) Define adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and explain how nurses can monitor for them.
    b) What are the steps nurses should take when an ADR is identified?
    c) How can nurses educate patients on recognizing and reporting ADRs?

25. Ethics and Professionalism in Nursing

  1. a) Define nursing ethics and discuss its significance in nursing practice.
    b) How should nurses approach ethical dilemmas in patient care?
    c) Discuss the role of the nurse in advocating for patients’ rights and autonomy.

  2. a) Explain the concept of professional integrity and its importance in nursing practice.
    b) What are the ethical principles that guide nursing practice in Uganda?
    c) How should nurses handle situations involving breach of confidentiality?

  3. a) What is informed consent, and why is it important in nursing practice?
    b) Discuss the steps a nurse should take to ensure that informed consent is obtained.
    c) How should nurses handle situations where a patient refuses treatment?

  4. a) Discuss the role of nurses in protecting vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly.
    b) How can nurses address issues related to consent and autonomy in pediatric and geriatric care?
    c) What ethical considerations should nurses be aware of when caring for patients with mental health conditions?

  5. a) Explain the concept of cultural competence and how it applies to nursing practice.
    b) Discuss the challenges faced by nurses in providing culturally sensitive care in Uganda.
    c) How can nurses promote cultural awareness and respect in healthcare settings?

  6. a) What is professional accountability, and how does it relate to nursing practice?
    b) How should nurses demonstrate accountability for their actions in patient care?
    c) Discuss the role of the nursing supervisor in ensuring professionalism and accountability in nursing teams.

26. Advanced Nursing Practices and Education

  1. a) Define continuing professional development (CPD) in nursing.
      b) How does CPD improve clinical practice in Uganda?
      c) Provide an example of how Nurse Kato can engage in CPD to enhance patient care.

  2. a) Discuss the importance of mentorship in nursing.
      b) How can experienced nurses like Nurse Nabunnya support novice nurses?
      c) What are the benefits of mentorship programs in Ugandan healthcare settings?

  3. a) What is the role of reflective practice in nursing education?
      b) How can reflective journaling improve clinical skills?
      c) Describe a scenario where reflective practice led to improved patient outcomes.

  4. a) Define simulation in nursing education and explain its benefits.
      b) How does simulation-based learning enhance clinical skills for nursing students in Uganda?
      c) What challenges may arise in using simulation as an educational tool?

  5. a) What are the key components of an effective nursing curriculum?
      b) How can Ugandan nursing schools integrate practical skills with theoretical knowledge?
      c) Provide recommendations for bridging the gap between theory and practice.

  6. a) Explain interprofessional education (IPE) and its role in modern healthcare.
      b) How can IPE foster collaboration among nurses, doctors (e.g., Dr. Mukasa), and other professionals?
      c) What challenges might Ugandan institutions face in implementing IPE?

  7. a) What role do nurse educators play in shaping future healthcare professionals?
      b) How can nurse educators keep their teaching methods up-to-date?
      c) Discuss the impact of technology on nursing education in Uganda.

  8. a) Define e-learning and discuss its relevance in nursing education.
      b) How can e-learning platforms support the continuing education of nurses in remote areas?
      c) What are the potential drawbacks of relying solely on e-learning in nursing education?

  9. a) What strategies can be implemented to reduce the theory-practice gap in clinical education?
      b) How can partnerships between hospitals and nursing schools improve clinical training?
      c) Describe the role of preceptorship in bridging theory and practice.

27. Quality Improvement and Patient Safety

  1. a) Define quality improvement (QI) in healthcare.
      b) How can QI initiatives improve patient outcomes in Ugandan hospitals?
      c) Provide an example of a QI project led by a nurse like Nurse Namazzi.

  2. a) What are the key components of a patient safety culture?
      b) How can nurses contribute to building this culture in their workplace?
      c) Discuss the role of incident reporting in improving patient safety.

  3. a) Explain the concept of root cause analysis (RCA) in patient safety.
      b) How can RCA be used to prevent future adverse events?
      c) Describe a scenario in which RCA led to improved care.

  4. a) Define medication errors and discuss their impact on patient safety.
      b) What strategies can nurses employ to prevent medication errors?
      c) Explain the role of double-check systems in reducing errors.

  5. a) What is the importance of hand hygiene in infection prevention?
      b) How can Ugandan hospitals improve compliance with hand hygiene protocols?
      c) Describe an intervention that has successfully promoted hand hygiene.

  6. a) Define patient-centered care.
      b) How does patient-centered care contribute to quality improvement?
      c) Provide an example of a nurse implementing patient-centered care in a Ugandan facility.

  7. a) Discuss the role of clinical audits in nursing practice.
      b) How can nurses use audit findings to improve patient care?
      c) Describe a process for conducting a clinical audit in a hospital setting.

  8. a) What are the benefits of using checklists in clinical settings?
      b) How do checklists help reduce errors and improve outcomes?
      c) Discuss the implementation of checklists in the operating room.

  9. a) Define safety netting in clinical practice.
      b) How can nurses use safety netting to improve patient outcomes, especially during discharge planning?
      c) Provide an example of safety netting in action in a Ugandan context.

  10. a) What role does simulation play in quality improvement training?
      b) How can simulation help nurses prepare for emergency situations?
      c) Discuss challenges in integrating simulation into continuous professional development.

28. Interprofessional Collaboration and Leadership

  1. a) Define interprofessional collaboration in healthcare.
      b) How does effective collaboration among nurses, doctors (e.g., Dr. Sserubombwe), and others improve patient outcomes?
      c) Provide an example of successful interprofessional collaboration in a Ugandan hospital.

  2. a) Discuss the importance of communication in interprofessional teams.
      b) What strategies can overcome communication barriers among healthcare professionals?
      c) How can structured communication tools like SBAR enhance teamwork?

  3. a) Define transformational leadership and its relevance in nursing.
      b) How can nurse leaders like Nurse Kato inspire and motivate their teams?
      c) Provide an example of transformational leadership improving patient care.

  4. a) What are the key responsibilities of a nurse manager?
      b) How can nurse managers improve staff morale and productivity?
      c) Discuss the challenges of nurse management in resource-limited settings.

  5. a) Explain the concept of delegation in nursing.
      b) What are the key principles of effective delegation?
      c) Provide an example of safe task delegation in a busy ward.

  6. a) Discuss the importance of conflict resolution skills in nursing leadership.
      b) How can nurse leaders address and resolve conflicts within their teams?
      c) Describe a scenario where effective conflict resolution improved patient care.

  7. a) What is the role of mentorship in interprofessional collaboration?
      b) How can experienced nurses support junior staff through mentorship?
      c) Discuss the benefits of mentorship programs in improving clinical practice.

  8. a) Define patient advocacy in nursing.
      b) How can nurses effectively advocate for patients’ rights and safety in Ugandan settings?
      c) Provide an example of a patient advocacy initiative led by a nurse.

  9. a) Explain the concept of shared governance in nursing.
      b) How does shared governance empower nurses and improve patient care?
      c) What challenges exist in implementing shared governance in hospitals?

  10. a) Discuss the role of nurses in community health leadership.
      b) How can nurses in Uganda lead community health initiatives?
      c) Provide an example of a community health project spearheaded by a nurse.

29. Global Health and Nursing

  1. a) Define global health and explain its relevance to nursing practice.
      b) How can Ugandan nurses contribute to global health initiatives?
      c) Discuss challenges in addressing global health issues within local contexts.

  2. a) What is the impact of migration on healthcare delivery in Uganda?
      b) How do nurses address the health needs of refugees and internally displaced persons?
      c) Discuss the role of culturally sensitive care in diverse populations.

  3. a) Explain the significance of infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., Ebola, COVID-19) on global health.
      b) How can nurses prepare for and respond to global health emergencies?
      c) What lessons can be learned from recent outbreaks to improve healthcare delivery?

  4. a) Discuss the importance of partnerships between Uganda and international health organizations.
      b) How do these partnerships enhance nursing practice and healthcare services?
      c) Provide examples of successful international collaborations in healthcare.

  5. a) What is the role of telemedicine in improving healthcare in remote areas?
      b) How can telemedicine be integrated into Uganda’s healthcare system?
      c) Discuss the challenges and opportunities of telemedicine from a nursing perspective.

  6. a) Explain the concept of sustainable development in healthcare.
      b) How can nurses contribute to sustainable healthcare practices in Uganda?
      c) Discuss the role of environmental health in global health initiatives.

  7. a) What are the key components of disaster preparedness in global health?
      b) How can nurses be trained to respond to natural disasters and pandemics?
      c) Provide an example of a disaster preparedness initiative led by nurses.

  8. a) Define health equity and explain its importance in global health.
      b) How can nurses promote health equity in their practice?
      c) Discuss strategies to address health disparities locally and globally.

  9. a) What is the role of research in advancing global health?
      b) How can Ugandan nurses contribute to global health research initiatives?
      c) Discuss the importance of data collection and analysis in improving health outcomes.

  10. a) Define cultural competence in global health.
      b) How can nurses develop cultural competence when working with international populations?
      c) Provide examples of culturally competent care in a global context.

30. Case Studies and Clinical Scenarios

  1. Case Study: Maternal Health
      a) Dr. Mukasa is overseeing care for a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. Describe the key nursing interventions from admission until postpartum care.
      b) What potential complications might arise, and how should they be managed?
      c) How can the nurse support the patient emotionally and physically?

  2. Case Study: Pediatric Emergency
      a) Nurse Kato is caring for a 5-year-old child presenting with severe dehydration from gastroenteritis. Describe the initial assessment and management steps.
      b) What are the priorities in rehydrating this child?
      c) How can the nurse educate the caregiver to prevent future episodes?

  3. Case Study: Surgical Care
      a) Dr. Sserubombwe is managing a post-appendectomy patient. Outline the nursing care plan, including pain management and infection control.
      b) What are the indicators of post-operative complications, and how should they be addressed?
      c) How can effective communication improve patient recovery?

  4. Case Study: Mental Health
      a) Nurse Nabunnya is caring for a patient with severe depression and suicidal ideation. Describe the assessment and immediate interventions.
      b) How should the nurse engage the patient in therapeutic communication?
      c) What follow-up care is necessary to ensure safety?

  5. Case Study: Community Health
      a) A community health nurse is planning a vaccination campaign in a rural area. Describe the steps for organizing the campaign, including community engagement.
      b) What challenges might be encountered, and how can they be overcome?
      c) How can the success of the campaign be evaluated?

  6. Case Study: Palliative Care
      a) Dr. Namazzi is overseeing the palliative care of a terminally ill patient. Outline the pain management plan and supportive care strategies for both patient and family.
      b) What steps should be taken to break bad news compassionately?
      c) How can the nurse address the patient’s spiritual and emotional needs?

  7. Case Study: Infectious Diseases
      a) Nurse Mukasa is caring for a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis. Describe the nursing interventions from admission to discharge.
      b) How should the nurse promote adherence to the TB treatment regimen?
      c) What infection control measures are critical to preventing TB spread in a clinical setting?

  8. Case Study: Geriatric Care
      a) A 75-year-old patient with multiple comorbidities is admitted with pneumonia. Outline the nursing care plan, including respiratory support and nutrition management.
      b) What are the key considerations in managing polypharmacy in this patient?
      c) How can the nurse support the patient’s functional status during recovery?

  9. Case Study: Medication Administration
      a) Dr. Namazzi prescribes a new medication regimen for a heart failure patient. Describe the steps the nurse should take to ensure safe administration and monitoring.
      b) What potential drug interactions must be considered?
      c) How can the nurse educate the patient on proper medication management at home?

  10. Case Study: Neonatal Care
      a) Nurse Kato is responsible for a premature baby in the NICU. Outline the key aspects of neonatal care, including temperature regulation and feeding support.
      b) What are the common complications of prematurity, and how can they be managed?
      c) How can the nurse support the parents during this challenging period?

  11. Case Study: Surgical Nursing
      a) A patient is scheduled for a cholecystectomy. Describe the pre-operative and post-operative nursing care, including pain and infection management.
      b) What are the potential complications, and how should they be monitored?
      c) How can the nurse ensure effective communication with the surgical team?

  12. Case Study: Obstetric Care
      a) Dr. Mukasa is managing the labor of a first-time mother experiencing prolonged labor. Outline the nursing care from onset of labor until delivery.
      b) What indicators require emergency intervention?
      c) How can the nurse support the mother emotionally and physically?

  13. Case Study: Endocrine Disorders
      a) A patient with uncontrolled diabetes is admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Describe the nursing management from admission to stabilization.
      b) What indicators demonstrate that the patient is responding to treatment?
      c) How can the nurse educate the patient to prevent future episodes?

  14. Case Study: Respiratory Care
      a) Nurse Nabunnya is caring for a patient with COPD experiencing an acute exacerbation. Outline the immediate nursing interventions.
      b) How should oxygen therapy be managed for this patient?
      c) What strategies can help prevent future exacerbations?

  15. Case Study: Renal Care
      a) A patient with chronic kidney disease is admitted for dialysis. Describe the nursing care required before, during, and after dialysis.
      b) What are the common complications of dialysis, and how can they be prevented?
      c) How can the nurse support the patient in adhering to dietary and fluid restrictions?

  16. Case Study: Oncology Nursing
      a) Dr. Sserubombwe is managing care for a breast cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Outline the nursing interventions to manage side effects and maintain quality of life.
      b) What complications of chemotherapy should be monitored?
      c) How can the nurse provide emotional support to the patient and family?

  17. Case Study: Infection Prevention
      a) Nurse Mukasa is responsible for investigating an outbreak in the hospital. Describe the steps to identify the source and implement control measures.
      b) How should the nurse educate staff and patients on infection prevention practices?
      c) What challenges might arise during outbreak investigation, and how can they be resolved?

  18. Case Study: Women’s Health
      a) A woman presents with symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Describe the nursing assessment and management from diagnosis to treatment.
      b) What are the complications associated with PID, and how can they be prevented?
      c) How can the nurse educate the patient on preventing future episodes of PID?

  19. Case Study: Rehabilitation
      a) A stroke patient is admitted for rehabilitation. Outline the nursing care plan focusing on motor and cognitive recovery.
      b) What roles do nurses play in facilitating a patient’s rehabilitation process?
      c) How can nurses collaborate with multidisciplinary teams to optimize stroke rehabilitation?

  20. Case Study: Emergency Preparedness
      a) Dr. Namazzi is coordinating an emergency response during a mass casualty incident. Describe the nursing roles and responsibilities during such an event.
      b) What steps should be taken to ensure effective triage and resource allocation?
      c) How can nurses contribute to community education on emergency preparedness?

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Section 1: Fundamentals of Midwifery

  1. a) Define midwifery.
      b) Describe the historical development of midwifery in Uganda.
      c) Outline the core competencies expected of a midwife in Ugandan health facilities.

  2. a) What are the ethical principles in midwifery practice?
      b) How does a midwife maintain confidentiality and patient autonomy?
      c) Provide examples of ethical dilemmas that might occur in midwifery care.

  3. a) Define the scope of midwifery practice.
      b) Explain how midwives work collaboratively with other health professionals in Uganda.
      c) Describe the role of a midwife in community health promotion.

  4. a) What are the legal responsibilities of midwives in Uganda?
      b) Explain the importance of informed consent in midwifery care.
      c) Discuss the implications of professional misconduct for midwives.

  5. a) Define evidence-based practice in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives apply current research to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes?
      c) Give two examples of evidence-based interventions in midwifery.

  6. a) Outline the principles of primary health care and their relevance to midwifery.
      b) How do midwives contribute to Uganda’s primary healthcare system?
      c) Discuss the challenges and opportunities for midwifery in primary health care.

  7. a) Define cultural competence in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives provide culturally sensitive care to diverse Ugandan communities?
      c) Give an example where Nurse Nalubega adapted care based on cultural needs.

  8. a) What is the significance of continuous professional development (CPD) for midwives?
      b) How can midwives in Uganda access CPD opportunities?
      c) Discuss the impact of CPD on patient care quality.

  9. a) Define interprofessional collaboration in maternity care.
      b) How does collaboration with doctors like Dr. Kabanda improve outcomes?
      c) Describe the role of a midwife within a multidisciplinary team.

  10. a) Explain the importance of communication skills in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives use therapeutic communication with expectant mothers?
      c) Provide an example of effective communication during labor.

Section 2: Antenatal Care

  1. a) Define antenatal care (ANC).
      b) Describe the importance of early ANC registration.
      c) What are the benefits of ANC for both the mother and the fetus?

  2. a) List the components of a comprehensive ANC assessment.
      b) How does Nurse Kato perform routine examinations during ANC visits?
      c) Discuss the role of screening tests during pregnancy.

  3. a) What are the common risk factors identified during ANC?
      b) How can midwives educate mothers on recognizing danger signs?
      c) Explain the significance of nutritional counseling during ANC.

  4. a) Discuss the management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
      b) What are the key interventions for a mother with preeclampsia?
      c) How should a midwife monitor fetal wellbeing in such cases?

  5. a) Define gestational diabetes and its implications.
      b) What screening tests are used to diagnose gestational diabetes?
      c) Describe the dietary and lifestyle modifications advised by midwives.

  6. a) Outline the components of antenatal education.
      b) How does Nurse Nalubega provide counseling on birth preparedness?
      c) What are the topics covered in an ANC education session?

  7. a) Describe the role of ultrasound in ANC.
      b) What are the common findings in a routine obstetric ultrasound?
      c) How do midwives use ultrasound information to guide care?

  8. a) Explain the importance of tetanus immunization during pregnancy.
      b) How is the tetanus toxoid vaccine administered in ANC?
      c) Discuss the impact of immunization on neonatal health.

  9. a) What are the guidelines for iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnancy?
      b) How do midwives monitor for anemia in expectant mothers?
      c) Describe interventions for managing maternal anemia.

  10. a) How does ANC contribute to the reduction of maternal mortality?
      b) What are the common complications detected during ANC visits?
      c) Explain the role of referral systems in managing high-risk pregnancies.

Section 3: Intrapartum Care (Labor & Delivery)

  1. a) Define labor and its stages.
      b) What are the key signs indicating the onset of labor?
      c) Describe the normal progression of labor.

  2. a) What is the role of a midwife during active labor?
      b) How does Nurse Kato monitor maternal and fetal wellbeing during labor?
      c) What interventions are used to manage prolonged labor?

  3. a) Discuss the importance of pain management during labor.
      b) What non-pharmacological methods can midwives use for pain relief?
      c) Describe the role of pharmacological pain relief in labor and its potential side effects.

  4. a) What are the key components of a partograph?
      b) How is the partograph used to monitor labor progress?
      c) Explain how deviations from the norm are identified and managed.

  5. a) Describe the management of the second stage of labor.
      b) What are the indications for operative vaginal delivery?
      c) How does a midwife support a woman during the crowning phase?

  6. a) Explain the process of episiotomy and its indications.
      b) What are the potential complications of episiotomy?
      c) How can midwives provide post-episiotomy care?

  7. a) Discuss the management of shoulder dystocia.
      b) What maneuvers can midwives use to resolve shoulder dystocia?
      c) Describe the potential risks for both mother and baby.

  8. a) What are the key interventions during the third stage of labor?
      b) How is active management of the third stage of labor performed?
      c) Explain the prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage.

  9. a) Define uterine atony and its implications during the third stage of labor.
      b) What are the nursing interventions for managing uterine atony?
      c) Discuss the role of oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.

  10. a) Explain the steps for conducting a safe delivery in a resource-limited setting.
      b) How do midwives ensure aseptic technique during delivery?
      c) Describe the role of Nurse Nalubega in a delivery room.

Section 4: Postpartum Care

  1. a) Define postpartum care and its importance in midwifery.
      b) What are the key physical and emotional changes experienced by women in the postpartum period?
      c) How should midwives monitor for complications after delivery?

  2. a) Describe the components of a comprehensive postpartum assessment.
      b) How is uterine involution assessed?
      c) Discuss the importance of monitoring lochia.

  3. a) Explain the nursing management of postpartum hemorrhage.
      b) What interventions are used to stabilize a patient with excessive bleeding?
      c) How can midwives educate mothers on warning signs of hemorrhage?

  4. a) What is the significance of early ambulation in postpartum recovery?
      b) How can midwives encourage early mobilization safely?
      c) Discuss potential complications if early ambulation is not initiated.

  5. a) Define postpartum depression.
      b) What are the signs and symptoms of postpartum depression?
      c) How can midwives screen and support women experiencing postpartum depression?

  6. a) Discuss the importance of breastfeeding support in the postpartum period.
      b) How can midwives assist mothers with breastfeeding techniques?
      c) Describe common challenges and solutions for breastfeeding problems.

  7. a) What are the key components of postpartum education for new mothers?
      b) How should midwives address family planning during the postpartum period?
      c) Discuss the role of the midwife in providing nutritional advice postpartum.

  8. a) Explain the management of perineal trauma following delivery.
      b) What are the nursing interventions for managing perineal pain and infection?
      c) Describe the importance of pelvic floor exercises in postpartum recovery.

  9. a) What is the role of the midwife in newborn care immediately postpartum?
      b) Discuss the importance of early skin-to-skin contact.
      c) How is newborn thermoregulation maintained by the midwife?

  10. a) Outline the criteria for discharge of a postpartum mother and newborn from the hospital.
      b) What follow-up care should be arranged for both mother and baby?
      c) How can midwives ensure continuity of care post-discharge?

Section 5: Neonatal Care

  1. a) Define neonatal care and explain its importance.
      b) What are the key components of a neonatal assessment?
      c) Describe the Apgar scoring system and its significance.

  2. a) What are common neonatal complications in Uganda?
      b) How does Nurse Kato manage neonatal hypothermia?
      c) Discuss the interventions for neonatal sepsis.

  3. a) Describe the nursing care for preterm infants.
      b) What special considerations are necessary for very low birth weight infants?
      c) How do midwives promote the development of preterm infants in the NICU?

  4. a) What is neonatal jaundice, and how is it assessed?
      b) Discuss the management strategies for neonatal jaundice.
      c) How can midwives educate parents on caring for a jaundiced infant at home?

  5. a) Explain the importance of early initiation of breastfeeding for neonates.
      b) How do midwives support lactation in the immediate postpartum period?
      c) What are the benefits of colostrum for the newborn?

  6. a) Define neonatal hypoglycemia and its risk factors.
      b) How can midwives identify signs of hypoglycemia in neonates?
      c) Discuss the interventions used to manage neonatal hypoglycemia.

  7. a) What are the common causes of neonatal respiratory distress?
      b) How does Nurse Nalubega assess the respiratory status of a newborn?
      c) Describe the interventions for managing neonatal respiratory distress.

  8. a) Explain the importance of cord care in neonates.
      b) What are the recommended practices for umbilical cord care in Uganda?
      c) Discuss the potential complications from improper cord care.

  9. a) What is kangaroo mother care, and how does it benefit preterm infants?
      b) Describe the role of the midwife in implementing kangaroo mother care.
      c) How can parents be educated to continue this practice at home?

  10. a) Discuss the management of neonatal hypothermia.
      b) What methods are used to warm a hypothermic newborn?
      c) How can midwives monitor temperature effectively in the neonatal unit?

Section 6: Obstetric Emergencies and Complications

  1. a) Define obstructed labor and discuss its causes.
      b) How should midwives manage a case of obstructed labor?
      c) What are the potential complications if obstructed labor is not promptly addressed?

  2. a) What is uterine rupture, and what are its risk factors?
      b) How can early detection of uterine rupture be achieved?
      c) Discuss the emergency interventions required for uterine rupture.

  3. a) Define postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and its classification.
      b) What are the common causes of PPH in Ugandan women?
      c) Describe the step-by-step management of a patient with PPH.

  4. a) Explain the concept of eclampsia and its pathophysiology.
      b) What are the signs and symptoms of eclampsia in pregnant women?
      c) Discuss the nursing interventions for managing eclampsia.

  5. a) Define amniotic fluid embolism.
      b) What are the clinical features of amniotic fluid embolism?
      c) Outline the emergency management protocols for this condition.

  6. a) What is shoulder dystocia, and how does it occur during delivery?
      b) Describe the maneuvers used to resolve shoulder dystocia.
      c) What complications may arise from shoulder dystocia?

  7. a) Define breech presentation and its implications for delivery.
      b) How should a midwife manage a breech delivery?
      c) What are the potential risks for the neonate in a breech presentation?

  8. a) Explain the diagnosis and management of retained placenta.
      b) What are the risk factors for retained placenta?
      c) How can midwives prevent complications associated with retained placenta?

  9. a) Define cord prolapse and discuss its urgency in obstetric care.
      b) What are the immediate nursing interventions when cord prolapse is detected?
      c) Describe the role of the midwife in managing cord prolapse during labor.

  10. a) What is the role of a midwife in managing multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins, triplets)?
      b) Discuss the special considerations in the care of mothers with multiple gestations.
      c) How should the delivery and postpartum care be modified for multiple births?

Section 7: Reproductive Health and Family Planning

  1. a) Define family planning and its importance in reproductive health.
      b) Discuss the various methods of contraception available in Uganda.
      c) How can midwives counsel women on choosing an appropriate family planning method?

  2. a) What are the key elements of sexual and reproductive health education?
      b) How do midwives promote safe sexual practices among adolescents?
      c) Discuss the role of a midwife in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

  3. a) Define infertility from a midwifery perspective.
      b) What are the common causes of infertility in Ugandan women?
      c) How can midwives support couples experiencing infertility?

  4. a) Explain the management of missed abortion.
      b) What are the psychological considerations for a woman experiencing a missed abortion?
      c) Describe the components of post-abortion care (PAC).

  5. a) Define ectopic pregnancy and discuss its risk factors.
      b) What are the signs and symptoms of a tubal pregnancy?
      c) Describe the nursing management for a patient presenting with an ectopic pregnancy.

  6. a) What are the indications for medical versus surgical management of abortion?
      b) Discuss the potential complications of unsafe abortions.
      c) How can midwives contribute to reducing abortion-related morbidity?

  7. a) Describe the role of midwives in antenatal screening for congenital abnormalities.
      b) How can early detection of congenital abnormalities improve neonatal outcomes?
      c) What counseling should be provided to parents regarding congenital anomalies?

  8. a) Define postpartum family planning and its importance in maternal health.
      b) What methods of postpartum contraception are available?
      c) Discuss the challenges and strategies for implementing postpartum family planning in Uganda.

  9. a) Explain the role of midwives in managing menstrual disorders.
      b) What are common menstrual disorders, and how are they treated?
      c) How can midwives educate adolescent girls on menstrual health?

  10. a) What is the impact of cultural beliefs on reproductive health in Uganda?
      b) How can midwives provide culturally sensitive reproductive health education?
      c) Discuss strategies to overcome cultural barriers to family planning.

Section 8: High-Risk Pregnancy and Obstetric Complications

  1. a) Define high-risk pregnancy and list factors that may classify a pregnancy as high-risk.
      b) How can midwives identify high-risk pregnancies during antenatal care?
      c) Describe the referral process for high-risk pregnancies in Ugandan healthcare.

  2. a) Discuss the management of pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes.
      b) What monitoring and interventions are required for diabetic mothers?
      c) How should midwives counsel diabetic mothers regarding fetal outcomes?

  3. a) Define hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
      b) How are gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia differentiated?
      c) Discuss the nursing care for a woman with severe preeclampsia.

  4. a) Explain the management of pregnancies complicated by anemia.
      b) What are the common causes of anemia in pregnancy?
      c) Describe the role of nutritional supplementation in preventing and treating anemia.

  5. a) What are the challenges associated with multiple gestations?
      b) How can midwives monitor and manage high-risk pregnancies involving twins or triplets?
      c) Discuss the complications that may arise during the delivery of multiples.

  6. a) Describe the management of pregnancies complicated by Rh incompatibility.
      b) What are the indications for administering Anti-D immunoglobulin?
      c) How can midwives educate mothers about Rh incompatibility and its prevention?

  7. a) What are the signs of fetal distress during labor?
      b) How should midwives respond to a fetus showing signs of distress?
      c) Discuss the role of continuous fetal monitoring in high-risk labors.

  8. a) Define intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and its causes.
      b) How can midwives identify IUGR during antenatal care?
      c) What interventions can improve outcomes for pregnancies complicated by IUGR?

  9. a) Explain the management of pregnancies complicated by maternal infections (e.g., HIV, syphilis).
      b) What are the screening protocols for maternal infections?
      c) Discuss the role of midwives in preventing vertical transmission.

  10. a) Discuss the management of polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios.
      b) What are the potential complications for the mother and fetus?
      c) How should midwives monitor amniotic fluid levels during pregnancy?

Section 9: Intrapartum Emergencies and Critical Care

  1. a) What are the common intrapartum emergencies midwives encounter?
      b) How can a midwife promptly recognize signs of fetal distress?
      c) Describe the emergency management of a prolonged labor.

  2. a) Define cord prolapse and explain its significance during labor.
      b) What are the immediate interventions for managing cord prolapse?
      c) How can midwives reduce the risk of cord prolapse during delivery?

  3. a) What are the causes and management strategies for uterine inversion?
      b) Describe the role of rapid intervention in managing uterine inversion.
      c) What post-intervention care is required for the mother?

  4. a) Discuss the management of obstetric hemorrhage in the intrapartum period.
      b) What are the nursing interventions for a mother with hemorrhage?
      c) How does a midwife coordinate with the medical team during such emergencies?

  5. a) What is the importance of monitoring maternal vital signs during labor?
      b) How should abnormal vital signs be interpreted and acted upon?
      c) Provide an example where Nurse Kato intervened based on vital sign changes.

  6. a) Define eclampsia and its impact on maternal and fetal health.
      b) What are the immediate nursing priorities in managing eclamptic seizures?
      c) How is magnesium sulfate used in this context?

  7. a) Describe the management of shoulder dystocia during delivery.
      b) What maneuvers can be performed by a midwife to resolve shoulder dystocia?
      c) Discuss the potential complications for the neonate and mother.

  8. a) Explain the critical interventions required during a maternal cardiac arrest.
      b) What is the role of a midwife during resuscitation efforts?
      c) How can teamwork improve outcomes during obstetric emergencies?

  9. a) Discuss the management of amniotic fluid embolism.
      b) What are the early signs that suggest this condition?
      c) Describe the immediate nursing interventions required.

  10. a) What are the steps in managing a case of obstructed labor?
      b) How does prompt identification of obstruction affect maternal and fetal outcomes?
      c) Discuss the role of referral and transfer in managing severe cases.

Section 10: Postnatal and Family Planning Services

  1. a) Define postnatal care and its significance in midwifery.
      b) What assessments are performed during the postnatal period?
      c) How do midwives monitor for postpartum complications?

  2. a) Discuss the role of midwives in providing postnatal education.
      b) What topics should be included in postnatal counseling sessions?
      c) How does postnatal care contribute to improved maternal and neonatal outcomes?

  3. a) What are the common family planning methods available in Uganda?
      b) How do midwives counsel clients on choosing a family planning method?
      c) Describe the benefits and limitations of at least two methods.

  4. a) Define lactational amenorrhea and its relevance in family planning.
      b) How do midwives support breastfeeding as a natural contraceptive method?
      c) What are the guidelines for its use?

  5. a) Explain the concept of birth spacing and its importance.
      b) What advice should midwives offer to promote healthy birth spacing?
      c) Discuss the potential impact of short inter-pregnancy intervals on maternal health.

  6. a) Discuss the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in the postnatal period.
      b) What are the nursing interventions to ensure uterine recovery after delivery?
      c) How can midwives educate mothers on recognizing signs of PPH after discharge?

  7. a) What are the essential components of a postnatal follow-up visit?
      b) How do midwives assess both maternal and neonatal health during follow-up?
      c) Discuss the role of home visits in postnatal care in rural Uganda.

  8. a) Describe the counseling process for a woman experiencing postpartum depression.
      b) What are the signs that midwives should look for in postpartum mood disorders?
      c) How can midwives facilitate referrals to mental health services when needed?

  9. a) Define contraceptive counseling and its role in midwifery practice.
      b) How can midwives address myths and misconceptions about contraception?
      c) Provide an example of a successful counseling session led by Nurse Nalubega.

  10. a) What strategies can be implemented to improve the uptake of family planning services in Ugandan communities?
      b) How can midwives collaborate with community leaders to promote family planning?
      c) Discuss the challenges and potential solutions in family planning service delivery.

Section 11: Clinical Skills, Procedures, and Infection Prevention in Midwifery

  1. a) Describe the procedure for performing a vaginal examination.
      b) What are the key precautions to maintain during the examination?
      c) How should findings be documented?

  2. a) Explain the steps involved in performing a sterile perineal care procedure.
      b) What are the risks of improper aseptic technique?
      c) Discuss how midwives can educate mothers on perineal care postpartum.

  3. a) Outline the procedure for assisting a normal vaginal delivery.
      b) What roles do the midwife and supporting staff play during delivery?
      c) How is the newborn immediately assessed following delivery?

  4. a) Describe the procedure for conducting an active management of the third stage of labor.
      b) What drugs are commonly used, and what are their effects?
      c) How should the midwife monitor the mother for complications?

  5. a) What are the standard infection control practices in the maternity ward?
      b) How can midwives reduce the risk of puerperal infections?
      c) Discuss the role of hand hygiene and sterilization in midwifery.

  6. a) Explain the process for insertion and maintenance of an intrauterine device (IUD).
      b) What are the indications and contraindications for IUD use?
      c) How should a midwife counsel a client regarding potential complications?

  7. a) Define and describe the technique of neonatal resuscitation.
      b) What equipment is essential during neonatal resuscitation?
      c) How do midwives train for effective neonatal resuscitation?

  8. a) What is the role of simulation in midwifery training?
      b) How can simulation scenarios improve clinical skills in emergencies?
      c) Discuss a simulation scenario that could benefit midwifery students.

  9. a) Outline the steps for performing a complete newborn physical assessment.
      b) What parameters are critical in assessing neonatal health?
      c) How should abnormal findings be addressed?

  10. a) Describe the procedure for measuring fundal height during ANC.
      b) What is the significance of fundal height measurement?
      c) How can discrepancies in fundal height indicate potential complications?

Section 12: Midwifery Management and Leadership

  1. a) Define midwifery leadership and its importance in healthcare facilities.
      b) How can midwives like Nurse Kato demonstrate effective leadership?
      c) What are the key attributes of a successful midwifery leader in Uganda?

  2. a) Explain the concept of team management in a maternity ward.
      b) How do midwives collaborate with other healthcare professionals?
      c) Discuss strategies to improve teamwork and communication.

  3. a) Define quality improvement (QI) in midwifery.
      b) What QI initiatives can be implemented to improve maternal outcomes?
      c) Provide an example of a successful QI project led by midwives.

  4. a) What is the role of a midwifery supervisor in a clinical setting?
      b) How does supervision improve clinical practice and patient outcomes?
      c) Discuss the challenges in supervising midwifery practice in resource-limited settings.

  5. a) Define mentorship in midwifery and its benefits for novice midwives.
      b) How can experienced midwives like Nurse Nalubega mentor junior colleagues?
      c) What are the potential challenges in a mentorship program, and how can they be overcome?

  6. a) Discuss the role of continuous professional development (CPD) in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives in Uganda access CPD opportunities?
      c) Describe the impact of CPD on clinical practice and patient care.

  7. a) What are the responsibilities of midwives in managing midwifery records and documentation?
      b) How does accurate documentation improve patient care and legal accountability?
      c) Discuss strategies to enhance record-keeping in busy maternity wards.

  8. a) Define interprofessional collaboration in the context of midwifery.
      b) How can midwives work effectively with obstetricians like Dr. Kabanda and pediatric nurses?
      c) Provide an example of a successful collaborative initiative in a Ugandan hospital.

  9. a) Discuss the importance of effective communication in midwifery leadership.
      b) What communication tools can midwifery leaders use to improve team performance?
      c) How does clear communication influence patient outcomes?

  10. a) What is the role of a midwifery unit manager?
      b) How can midwifery unit managers balance administrative duties with clinical responsibilities?
      c) Describe the challenges and solutions for resource management in a maternity unit.

Section 13: Research, Policy, and Global Perspectives in Midwifery

  1. a) Define midwifery research and its significance in improving clinical practice.
      b) How can midwives contribute to research in Uganda?
      c) Discuss the ethical considerations in conducting midwifery research.

  2. a) What is evidence-based practice (EBP) in midwifery?
      b) How does EBP improve maternal and neonatal outcomes?
      c) Provide an example of an evidence-based intervention in midwifery.

  3. a) Discuss the role of policy in shaping midwifery practice in Uganda.
      b) How do national guidelines influence midwifery care?
      c) What are the challenges in implementing midwifery policies at the community level?

  4. a) Explain the importance of data collection and analysis in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives use research findings to improve service delivery?
      c) Discuss the role of clinical audits in midwifery practice.

  5. a) Define global health as it relates to midwifery.
      b) How can Ugandan midwives contribute to global health initiatives?
      c) Discuss the challenges of addressing global maternal health disparities.

  6. a) Explain the concept of sustainable development in midwifery.
      b) How can midwifery practices be made more sustainable in resource-limited settings?
      c) Provide an example of a sustainable midwifery project in Uganda.

  7. a) Discuss the role of advocacy in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives advocate for better maternal health services in Uganda?
      c) Provide an example of an advocacy initiative led by a midwife.

  8. a) Define cultural competence in midwifery research and practice.
      b) How can midwives ensure their research respects cultural differences?
      c) Discuss strategies to improve cultural competence in midwifery education.

  9. a) What is the importance of interprofessional education (IPE) in midwifery?
      b) How can IPE enhance the quality of maternal and neonatal care?
      c) Provide examples of successful IPE initiatives in Uganda.

  10. a) Discuss the impact of technological advancements on midwifery practice.
      b) How can telemedicine improve access to midwifery services in rural areas?
      c) What are the potential drawbacks of relying on technology in midwifery care?

Section 14: Case Studies and Clinical Scenarios in Midwifery

  1. Case Study: Normal Labor and Delivery
      a) Nurse Kato is assisting in a normal delivery. Outline the steps taken from the onset of labor to the delivery of the placenta.
      b) What assessments are performed at each stage of labor?
      c) Describe the immediate postpartum care provided to both mother and newborn.

  2. Case Study: Obstructed Labor
      a) Dr. Kabanda is managing a case of obstructed labor. What are the key warning signs and potential complications?
      b) How should the midwifery team respond to prevent maternal and fetal morbidity?
      c) Outline the emergency interventions and referral process.

  3. Case Study: Postpartum Hemorrhage
      a) A woman develops postpartum hemorrhage following delivery. Describe the nursing interventions from the onset of hemorrhage until stabilization.
      b) What medications and procedures are indicated in this scenario?
      c) How is the patient monitored for complications?

  4. Case Study: Preterm Birth
      a) Nurse Nalubega is caring for a mother at risk of preterm delivery. What assessments should be performed to identify signs of preterm labor?
      b) Discuss the interventions to delay labor and improve neonatal outcomes.
      c) What education is provided to the mother regarding the care of a preterm infant?

  5. Case Study: Eclampsia
      a) A patient presents with eclamptic seizures during labor. Outline the immediate nursing actions and management protocols.
      b) What role does magnesium sulfate play, and how is it administered?
      c) Discuss post-stabilization care and monitoring.

  6. Case Study: Neonatal Resuscitation
      a) A newborn requires resuscitation immediately after delivery. Describe the steps involved in neonatal resuscitation.
      b) What equipment is essential for the procedure?
      c) How do midwives assess the success of resuscitation efforts?

  7. Case Study: Breech Delivery
      a) Dr. Sserubombwe is managing a breech delivery. What are the critical assessments before proceeding with vaginal breech delivery?
      b) Describe the roles of the midwife and obstetrician during the delivery process.
      c) What complications should be anticipated and managed?

  8. Case Study: Maternal Infection
      a) A mother presents with signs of puerperal sepsis. Outline the nursing assessment and immediate interventions.
      b) How should antibiotics be administered and monitored?
      c) Discuss the importance of infection control measures.

  9. Case Study: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
      a) A fetus is diagnosed with IUGR during ANC. What are the key assessments and interventions?
      b) How can midwives monitor fetal wellbeing in cases of IUGR?
      c) Describe the counseling provided to the mother regarding potential outcomes.

  10. Case Study: Family Planning Counseling
      a) Nurse Kato is counseling a couple on family planning. Outline the steps involved in a comprehensive counseling session.
      b) What factors should be considered when discussing contraceptive options?
      c) How is cultural sensitivity maintained during the counseling process?

Section 15: Advanced Clinical Topics in Midwifery

  1. a) Define high-risk pregnancy and list its common risk factors.
      b) How are high-risk pregnancies managed differently from normal pregnancies?
      c) Discuss the role of continuous monitoring and referral in high-risk cases.

  2. a) Explain the management of pregnancies complicated by maternal infections (e.g., HIV, syphilis).
      b) What are the implications for mother-to-child transmission?
      c) Describe the preventive measures and counseling provided.

  3. a) What are the challenges in managing multiple gestations?
      b) How can midwives monitor and support mothers with twins or triplets?
      c) Discuss the special considerations during labor and delivery for multiple births.

  4. a) Describe the role of midwives in the management of postpartum depression.
      b) What screening tools are used to identify postpartum depression?
      c) How can midwives provide both pharmacological and non-pharmacological support?

  5. a) Define obstetric fistula and its causes.
      b) What are the preventive strategies for obstetric fistula in Uganda?
      c) Describe the nursing care provided pre- and post-repair of a vaginal fistula.

  6. a) Explain the importance of birth preparedness and complication readiness.
      b) How do midwives educate mothers on recognizing danger signs?
      c) Discuss the role of community mobilization in improving birth preparedness.

  7. a) Define the concept of respectful maternity care.
      b) How can midwives ensure that all women receive dignified and respectful care?
      c) Provide examples of practices that support respectful care during childbirth.

  8. a) What are the key components of emergency obstetric care?
      b) How should midwives manage life-threatening obstetric emergencies?
      c) Discuss the importance of simulation training for emergency obstetric scenarios.

  9. a) Define uterine inversion and discuss its management.
      b) What are the signs that suggest a uterine inversion has occurred?
      c) Outline the immediate nursing actions required.

  10. a) Explain the use of magnesium sulfate in the management of preeclampsia/eclampsia.
      b) What are the nursing considerations and monitoring requirements for this therapy?
      c) How can midwives manage side effects associated with magnesium sulfate administration?

Section 16: Professional Practice, Policy, and Leadership in Midwifery

  1. a) What are the key components of a midwifery practice policy in Uganda?
      b) How do national guidelines impact daily midwifery practice?
      c) Discuss the role of midwives in influencing health policy.

  2. a) Define professional accountability in midwifery.
      b) How should midwives document care to ensure accountability?
      c) What are the consequences of poor documentation?

  3. a) Explain the concept of mentorship in midwifery.
      b) How can experienced midwives support the professional development of newcomers?
      c) Provide examples of effective mentorship programs.

  4. a) Discuss the importance of leadership skills in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives like Nurse Kato demonstrate transformational leadership?
      c) What challenges do midwifery leaders face, and how can they be addressed?

  5. a) What is the role of midwives in community health education?
      b) How can midwives promote reproductive health and safe motherhood in rural communities?
      c) Discuss the impact of community outreach programs led by midwives.

  6. a) Define interprofessional collaboration in the context of maternal health.
      b) How can midwives work effectively with other healthcare providers (e.g., Dr. Kabanda, pediatric nurses)?
      c) Provide examples of successful collaborative initiatives.

  7. a) Discuss the role of continuous professional development (CPD) in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives stay updated with current best practices?
      c) What are the challenges and opportunities in accessing CPD in Uganda?

  8. a) Define reflective practice in midwifery.
      b) How can midwives use reflection to improve clinical care?
      c) Provide an example of how reflective practice has led to improved outcomes.

  9. a) Explain the concept of cultural competence in midwifery leadership.
      b) How can midwifery leaders ensure culturally appropriate care?
      c) Discuss strategies for enhancing cultural competence in a diverse population.

  10. a) What is the importance of research in advancing midwifery practice?
      b) How can midwives contribute to research initiatives in Uganda?
      c) Discuss the impact of evidence-based practice on midwifery care.

Section 17: Case Studies and Clinical Scenarios

  1. Case Study: Normal Labor
      a) Nurse Kato assists in a normal labor. Outline the care provided from the onset of labor to delivery.
      b) What assessments are critical at each stage of labor?
      c) Describe the immediate postpartum care for both mother and newborn.

  2. Case Study: Prolonged Labor
      a) Dr. Kabanda is managing a case of prolonged labor. What are the key warning signs?
      b) How should the midwifery team intervene to prevent complications?
      c) Outline the referral process for an obstructed labor case.

  3. Case Study: Postpartum Hemorrhage
      a) A woman develops postpartum hemorrhage after delivery. Describe the emergency nursing interventions.
      b) What medications are indicated, and how are they administered?
      c) How should the patient be monitored for signs of recovery?

  4. Case Study: Ectopic Pregnancy
      a) A woman presents with signs of an ectopic pregnancy. Outline the diagnostic process.
      b) What are the immediate nursing interventions required?
      c) Discuss the emotional support provided to the patient.

  5. Case Study: Preterm Labor
      a) Nurse Nalubega is caring for a woman in preterm labor. What interventions can delay delivery?
      b) How is fetal wellbeing monitored in preterm labor?
      c) Describe the counseling provided to the mother regarding neonatal care.

  6. Case Study: Neonatal Resuscitation
      a) A newborn requires resuscitation after a difficult delivery. Outline the resuscitation steps.
      b) What equipment is essential during neonatal resuscitation?
      c) How is the effectiveness of resuscitation measured?

  7. Case Study: Breech Delivery
      a) Dr. Sserubombwe manages a breech delivery. What are the special considerations for breech presentation?
      b) How should the midwife prepare the mother for potential complications?
      c) Describe the immediate neonatal care following a breech delivery.

  8. Case Study: Maternal Sepsis
      a) A mother develops sepsis postpartum. Outline the nursing care plan for managing sepsis.
      b) What indicators would suggest improvement or deterioration?
      c) How is the family involved in the care process?

  9. Case Study: Multiple Gestations
      a) A woman with twins presents for delivery. Discuss the unique challenges in managing multiple gestations.
      b) How should labor be monitored in such cases?
      c) What are the key postnatal considerations for mothers with multiple births?

  10. Case Study: Family Planning Counseling
      a) Nurse Nalubega counsels a couple on postpartum contraception. Outline the steps in the counseling session.
      b) How are the couple’s cultural beliefs addressed during counseling?
      c) What follow-up is recommended?

Section 18: Special Topics in Midwifery

  1. a) Define respectful maternity care and discuss its components.
      b) How can midwives ensure dignity and respect during childbirth?
      c) Provide examples of respectful practices in Ugandan maternity wards.

  2. a) Explain the concept of obstetric fistula.
      b) What are the causes and risk factors for obstetric fistula in Uganda?
      c) Describe the preventive strategies and post-repair care.

  3. a) What is the significance of maternal nutrition in pregnancy outcomes?
      b) Discuss nutritional interventions for malnourished pregnant women.
      c) How can midwives educate communities on maternal nutrition?

  4. a) Define the term “birth preparedness.”
      b) How can midwives help mothers prepare for delivery?
      c) Discuss the impact of birth preparedness on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

  5. a) What are the principles of antenatal and postnatal counseling?
      b) How do midwives address fears and misconceptions about childbirth?
      c) Provide an example of a counseling session by Nurse Kato that improved patient satisfaction.

  6. a) Discuss the role of midwives in managing high-risk pregnancies.
      b) How can midwives identify and monitor pregnancies complicated by chronic diseases?
      c) What are the referral protocols for high-risk cases?

  7. a) Define maternal mortality and discuss its major causes.
      b) What strategies can midwives employ to reduce maternal mortality in Uganda?
      c) How is maternal mortality tracked and reported?

  8. a) Explain the importance of postpartum follow-up visits.
      b) What key assessments are performed during follow-up?
      c) How do these visits contribute to improved long-term outcomes?

  9. a) What are the psychological impacts of childbirth on new mothers?
      b) How can midwives support maternal mental health postpartum?
      c) Discuss interventions for managing postpartum anxiety and depression.

  10. a) Describe the role of midwives in emergency preparedness for maternal health crises.
      b) How can midwives contribute to disaster management in rural communities?
      c) Provide an example of a midwifery-led emergency response.

Section 19: Global Perspectives and Future Trends in Midwifery

  1. a) Define global midwifery and its relevance in today’s healthcare.
      b) How can Ugandan midwives contribute to global maternal health initiatives?
      c) Discuss the challenges and opportunities for midwifery on a global scale.

  2. a) What are the emerging trends in midwifery education and practice?
      b) How does technology, such as telehealth, impact midwifery care?
      c) Describe potential future developments in Ugandan midwifery.

  3. a) Discuss the role of midwives in advocating for maternal health policies.
      b) How can midwives influence national health policy in Uganda?
      c) Provide an example of a policy change driven by midwifery advocacy.

  4. a) What is the impact of climate change on maternal health?
      b) How can midwives prepare for environmental challenges affecting pregnancy outcomes?
      c) Discuss strategies to mitigate these effects in rural areas.

  5. a) Explain the significance of research in midwifery practice.
      b) How can midwives in Uganda engage in research to improve clinical outcomes?
      c) What are the ethical considerations in midwifery research?

  6. a) What are the challenges of integrating traditional birth practices with modern midwifery care?
      b) How can midwives work with traditional birth attendants to improve maternal health?
      c) Discuss strategies for culturally sensitive integration.

  7. a) Define sustainable development in the context of maternal health.
      b) How can midwives promote sustainability in healthcare delivery?
      c) Provide an example of a sustainable midwifery initiative.

  8. a) Discuss the importance of interprofessional collaboration on a global scale.
      b) How do partnerships between Ugandan midwives and international organizations enhance care?
      c) What are the benefits of shared knowledge and resources?

  9. a) What role does advocacy play in advancing midwifery education globally?
      b) How can Ugandan midwifery schools improve their curricula to meet global standards?
      c) Discuss the impact of international partnerships on midwifery training.

  10. a) Explain how midwifery leadership contributes to achieving health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
      b) How can midwives measure their impact on maternal and neonatal health outcomes?
      c) Discuss future challenges midwifery may face in the next decade.

Section 20: Additional Clinical Scenarios and Integrated Practice

  1. Case Study: Severe Maternal Anemia
      a) A pregnant woman presents with severe anemia. Outline the nursing assessment and interventions required.
      b) What nutritional and medical treatments are indicated?
      c) How is patient progress monitored?

  2. Case Study: Gestational Diabetes
      a) Describe the clinical presentation of a patient with gestational diabetes.
      b) What are the nursing interventions for blood sugar control?
      c) Discuss the education provided to the patient regarding dietary management.

  3. Case Study: Preterm Labor with Complications
      a) A woman in preterm labor is admitted to the facility. Outline the steps taken to manage preterm contractions.
      b) How does the team prepare for potential neonatal intensive care?
      c) What counseling is provided to the mother regarding preterm birth outcomes?

  4. Case Study: Maternal Seizures
      a) A patient with a history of epilepsy experiences seizures during pregnancy. Discuss the nursing interventions to stabilize the patient.
      b) How are both maternal and fetal outcomes monitored?
      c) What precautions should be taken during delivery?

  5. Case Study: Breech Presentation and Emergency Cesarean Section
      a) A breech presentation leads to an emergency cesarean section. Outline the pre-operative and post-operative nursing care.
      b) What are the key complications that need to be monitored?
      c) Describe the role of Nurse Nalubega in providing patient education post-surgery.

  6. Case Study: Prolonged Labor with Fetal Distress
      a) A prolonged labor results in signs of fetal distress. Describe the steps taken to manage this case.
      b) What monitoring techniques are used?
      c) Discuss the interventions for both mother and fetus.

  7. Case Study: Postnatal Depression
      a) A new mother exhibits signs of postnatal depression. Outline the nursing assessment and interventions.
      b) What counseling strategies are employed?
      c) How is follow-up care coordinated?

  8. Case Study: Obstetric Emergency in a Rural Setting
      a) In a rural clinic, an obstetric emergency occurs. Describe the initial nursing actions.
      b) How is rapid communication with referral hospitals ensured?
      c) Discuss the role of community midwives in emergency preparedness.

  9. Case Study: Neonatal Sepsis
      a) A newborn is diagnosed with sepsis. Outline the immediate nursing care and antibiotic therapy.
      b) How is the neonate monitored for response to treatment?
      c) Describe the infection control measures taken in the neonatal unit.

  10. Case Study: Integrative Midwifery Care
      a) A complex case involving multiple obstetric challenges is presented. Outline a comprehensive care plan that integrates antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum care.
      b) How do interdisciplinary teams (including Dr. Kabanda and Nurse Kato) collaborate in this case?
      c) What are the key indicators of success in integrated midwifery care?

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